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Air Conditioning

This document discusses sensible heat, latent heat, total heat, and their relationships in heating and cooling processes. It also discusses condensate water generated during cooling and provides an equation to calculate condensate. Finally, it discusses ammonia concentrations in air and associated health symptoms, noting immediate danger to life at concentrations over 500 ppm and above 160,000-170,000 ppm.

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Nurul Akmam
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249 views19 pages

Air Conditioning

This document discusses sensible heat, latent heat, total heat, and their relationships in heating and cooling processes. It also discusses condensate water generated during cooling and provides an equation to calculate condensate. Finally, it discusses ammonia concentrations in air and associated health symptoms, noting immediate danger to life at concentrations over 500 ppm and above 160,000-170,000 ppm.

Uploaded by

Nurul Akmam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sensible Heat

The sensible heat in a heating or cooling process of air (heating or cooling capacity)can be
expressed as

hs=1.08qdt(1)
where
hs=sensibleheat(Btu/hr)
q=airvolumeflow(cfm,cubicfeetper
minute)
dt=temperaturedifference(oF)

Latent Heat

The latent heat due to moisture in the air can be expressed as:

hl=0.68qdwgr(2)
or
hl=4840qdwlb(3)
where
hl=latentheat(Btu/hr)
q=airvolumeflow(cfm,cubicfeetperminute)
dwgr=humidityratiodifference(grainswater/lbdryair)
dwlb=humidityratiodifference(lbwater/lbdryair)
1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g

Total Heat - Latent and


Sensible Heat
Total heat due to both temperature and moisture can be expressed as:

ht=4.5qdh(4)
where
ht=totalheat(Btu/hr)
q=airvolumeflow(cfm,cubicfeetperminute)
dh=enthalpydifference(btu/lbdryair)
Total heat can also be expressed as:

ht=hs+hl
=1.08qdt+0.68qdwgr(5)

Example - Heating Air


An air flow of one cfm is heated from32 to 52oF. Using(1)the sensible heat added to the air can be
expressed as:

hs=1.08(1cfm)((52oF)-(32oF))
=21.6(Btu/hr)

Sensible Heat Load and


Required Air Volume Chart
Sensible heat load and required air volume to keep
temperature constant at various temperature
differences between entering air and room air are
indicated in the chart follow:

Latent Heat Load and


Required Air Volume Chart
Latent heat load - humidifying and dehumidifying - and
required air volume to keep temperature constant at
various temperature differences between entering air
and room air are indicated in the chart follow:

SHR - Sensible Heat Ratio


The Sensible Heat Ratio can be expressed as
SHR = hs/ ht (6)
where
SHR = Sensible Heat Ratio
hs= sensible heat
ht= total heat (senible and latent)

Air Conditioning systems heating, cooling and


dehumidification of indoor air for
thermal comfort

Air Conditioner Efficiency

The ratio between heat removed - to watt of power


used -EERandSEER
Cooling equipment systems used in residential and small commercial buildings often express cooling system efficiency in terms of the Energy
Efficiency Ratio -EER- and/or Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio -SEER.
For room air conditioners the commonly used efficiency ratio is the

EER - Energy Efficiency Ratio


For central air conditioners the commonly used ratio is

SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio


These ratings are posted on theEnergy Guide Labelattached to all new air conditioners.
Some air conditioner manufacturers participates in the voluntaryEnergy Starlabeling program where the Energy Star label indicates
higherEERandSEERratings.

EER-Energy Efficiency Ratio


EERis a measure of how efficiently a cooling system operates when the outdoor temperature is at a specific level (outdoor conditions commonly
used are95oF).
The higherEERthe more energy efficient system.
EERcan be expressed as

EER=qc/p(1)
where
qc=coolingenergy(Btu/hr)
p=powerconsumption(Watts)

EERis commonly used for room air conditioners ranging5,000 Btu per hourto15,000 Btu per hour.
1 Btu/h = 2.931x10-4kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986x10-4hk = 3.939x10-4hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
In mild climates air conditioners with EER of at least 9.0 should be selected. In hotter climates air conditioners with EER over 10.should be selected.

SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio


SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio - can be expressed as

SEER=Qc/P(2)
where
Qc=seasonalcoolingenergy(Btu)
P=seasonalpowerconsumption(Watt-hours)
SEERshould be at least10- there are units where SEER reach ate least17.

Example -EER
A cooling unit operating at1 ton/kWwould have anEERof12,000 Btu per hourdivided by1000
wattsor12.
This is mathematically equivalent to multiplying the COP by3.413.
Therefore a small cooling unit operating at1 ton per kW (1000 watts)is equivalent to aCOPof3.516, or
anEERof12

Air Conditioning - Cooling a


nd Condensate
Water
condensate in air conditioning systems
Generated
The cooling process of air conditioning units generates condensate water.

With specific humidity before and after a air conditioning unit known, the condensate generated can be calculated like

qcond=qairdwlb/(8.33vda)(1)
where
qcond=condensategenerated(gallonsperminute,gpm)
qair=airflow(cubicfeetperminute)
dwlb=differenceinspecifichumidity(lbwater/lbdryair)
vda=specificvolumeofair(cubicfeet/lbdryair)
With the specific humidity expressed ingrains water per lb dry air- equation(1)can be expressed as

qcond=qairdwgr/(70008.33vda)
=qair(wgr-out-wgr-in)/(70008.33vda)(2)
where
qcond=condensategenerated(gallonsperminute)
qair=airflow(cubicfeetperminute)
dwgr=differenceinspecifichumidity(grwater/lbdryair)
wgr-out=specifichumidityinairout(grwater/lbdryair)
wgr-in=specifichumidityinairin(grwater/lbdryair)
vda=specificvolumeofair(cubicfeet/lbdryair)
7000=grainsperlbmofwater(1grain=0.000143lbm=0.0648g)

Ammonia -NH3
- Concentration in Air and Health Symptoms

Ammonia and health symptoms - smell and threat to life

Ammonia -NH3- is a gas commonly used as a


refrigerant in cooling systems.

The gas is colorless with very sharp odor.

In high concentrations the gas is an immediate


hazard to life.

In small concentrations the gas is detectable by


smell.

Ammonia
concentration in air
(ppm)
< 25
30
50
100
140
400
500
1,000
1,700
5,000
> 15,000
160,000 - 170,000

Health Symptoms
Detectable by smell. Maximum Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 1)
Uncomfortable, breathing support required. Maximum exposure 15
minutes1)
OSHA2)maximum exposure limit
Irritated eyes, throat and mucous membranes. Mild eye, nose, and
throat irritation, may develop tolerance in 1-2 weeks with no
adverse effects.
Moderate eye irritation, no long-term effect in exposures of less
than 2 hours
Moderate throat irritation. Damage of mucous membranes with
more than one hour exposure
Immediate danger to life limit (IDLH)
Caustic to airway
Fatal after short exposures - less than half an hour
Immediate hazard to life
Full body protection required
Flammable in air at50oC

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