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Introduction To Surveying P2

This document discusses various types of errors that can occur when measuring distances in surveying. It describes probable error and relative precision as measures of precision in measurements. Various corrections must be applied to taped distances to account for errors from an incorrect tape length, slope of the measurement, temperature changes, tension on the tape, and sag of the tape between supports. Common trigonometric functions used in surveying like versine and coversine are also defined. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate distance corrections.

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Jhon Carlo Padilla
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84 views

Introduction To Surveying P2

This document discusses various types of errors that can occur when measuring distances in surveying. It describes probable error and relative precision as measures of precision in measurements. Various corrections must be applied to taped distances to account for errors from an incorrect tape length, slope of the measurement, temperature changes, tension on the tape, and sag of the tape between supports. Common trigonometric functions used in surveying like versine and coversine are also defined. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate distance corrections.

Uploaded by

Jhon Carlo Padilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Surveying

(Cont)
MIGUEL CARLO R. MIRALLES

Errors in Surveying
Probable error is a quantity which when added to

and subtracted from the most probable value,


defines a range within which there is a 50% chance
that the true value of the measured quantity lies
inside (or outside) the limit set.
Relative Precision - is defined as a ratio of the

precision of a given measurement and the value of


the measurement itself. (Ex. , etc.)

Errors in Surveying
P= 0.6745
P= 0.6745

where: P = Probable error of any single measurement


P= Probable error of the mean
v = Residual
n = # of observation

Errors in Surveying
Summation of Errors

P=
Product of Errors

P=
where: x = measured quantity

Measurement of Horizontal Distances


Distance by Pacing
Distance by Taping The most common method

in measuring horizontal distances and consists of


stretching a calibrated tape between two points and
reading the distance on the tape.

Taping Corrections
Correction due to incorrect tape length

where: = Correction to measured length


= True length of the tape
= Measured length
= Nominal length of the tape

Ex:
1.) AB was measured to have a distance of 600m by
using a 50m tape which is found to be 0.015m too
long. Determine the corrected distance of AB.
2.) A 600m line is to be laid out with a 100m tape. If
the tape is found out to be 0.025m too short.
Determine the length to be laid out with the same tape.

Trigonometric Functions
Versine: versin()=1-cos()
Vercosine: vercosin()=1+cos()
Coversine: coversin()=1-sin()
Covercosine: covercosine()=1+sin()
Haversine: haversin()=versin()/2
Havercosine: havercosin()=vercosin()/2
Hacoversine: hacoversin()=coversin()/2
Hacovercosine: hacovercosin()=covercosin()/2
Exsecant: exsec()=sec()-1
Excosecant: excsc()=csc()-1

Taping Corrections

Correction due to slope/alignment

; m<0.2 (gentle slope)


+ ; 0.2 < m < 0.3 (steep slope)
= s(1-cos) ; m > 0.3 (very steep slope)

where: = Correction due to slope/alignment


h = Difference in elevation
s = Slope distance

Ex:
1.) AB was measured to have a distance of 245.65m
and is on a sloping ground. The difference in elevation
between the 2 pts. is 8.23m. Determine the horizontal
length of AB.

Taping Corrections
Correction due to temperature

*(-)
where: = Correction due to temperature
k = Coefficient of linear expansion
for steel tape : 0.0000116
= Length of tape / measured length
= Temp. during measurement
= Temp. when the tape is at the
correct length.

Ex:
1.) A steel tape is known to be 50m long at 20 C and is
used to measure a distance of 654.21m. Find the
correction due to temperature and the corrected
distance if it is used at 40 C .

Taping Corrections
Correction due to tension

where: = Correction due to tension


= Standard pull
= Actual pull
= Measured length
= Cross sectional area
E
Modulus of Elasticity


Ex:
1.) Given: W = 2 kg
P1 = 7kg
P2 = 12 kg
L = 68.5m
E = kg / cm^2
= kg / cm^3
Find the corrected distance.

Taping Corrections
Correction due to sag

or
where: = Correction due to sag
= Weight per unit length
P = Tension
W= Total weight of the tape
L = Interval between two supports and
unsupported length of the tape

Ex:
1.) Determine the correction due to sag of a 30m tape if
it is supported at 9m, 22m and at the ends. The tape
weighs 0.022 kg/m and P = 2kg.

END

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