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Chapter 1

This document introduces programming and key concepts for writing programs, including: - Defining programming terminology and explaining a programmer's role and qualities needed. - Tracing the history of programming languages from machine to assembly to high-level languages. - Describing the three basic control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - used to write algorithms and programs. - Providing examples of how each control structure directs a computer task. - Stating the objectives of learning to program with C++, including writing simple programs using control structures.

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111 views

Chapter 1

This document introduces programming and key concepts for writing programs, including: - Defining programming terminology and explaining a programmer's role and qualities needed. - Tracing the history of programming languages from machine to assembly to high-level languages. - Describing the three basic control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - used to write algorithms and programs. - Providing examples of how each control structure directs a computer task. - Stating the objectives of learning to program with C++, including writing simple programs using control structures.

Uploaded by

resolution8878
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Objectives

Define the terminology used in programming


Explain the tasks performed by a programmer
Describe the qualities of a good programmer
Understand the employment opportunities for
programmers and software engineers
Explain the history of programming languages

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Objectives (contd.)
Explain the sequence, selection, and repetition
structures
Write simple algorithms using the sequence,
selection, and repetition structures

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Programming a Computer
Programs are the directions given to computers
Programmers are the people who write computer
programs
Programming Languages enable programmers to
communicate with the computer
Popular languages: C++, Visual Basic, C#, Java

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

The Programmers Job


Programmers help solve computer problems
Employee or freelance
Typical steps involved

Meet with user to determine problem


Convert the problem into a program
Test the program
Provide user manual

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Do I Have What It Takes to Be a


Programmer?
Qualities employers look for

Logical and analytical thinking


Close attention to detail
Patience and persistence
Ingenuity and creativity
Good communication skills: technical and
nontechnical
Business skills (for managerial positions)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Employment Opportunities
Computer software engineer: designs an
appropriate solution to a users problem
Computer programmer: codes a computer solution
Coding is the process of translating a computer
solution into a language a computer can
understand
Some positions call for both engineering and
programming

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

A Brief History of Programming


Languages
Enable programmer to communicate with computer
Different types
Machine languages
Assembly languages
High-level languages

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Machine Languages
The first programmers had to write the program
instructions using only combinations of 0s and 1s
Example: 00101 10001 10000

Instructions written in 0s and 1s are called


machine language or machine code
Each type of machine has its own language
Machine languages are the only way to
communicate directly with the computer
Programming in machine language: tedious and
error-prone; requires highly trained programmers
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

Assembly Languages
Assembly languages simplify programmers job
Can use mnemonics instead of 0s and 1s
Example: ADD bx, ax

Assembly programs require an assembler to


convert instructions into machine code
Easier to write programs in assembly language
But still tedious and requires highly trained
programmers

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

High-Level Languages
High-level languages allow programmer to use
English-like instructions
Example: grossPay = hours * rate
High-level languages are more machine independent
Programs written in a high-level language can be used
on many different types of computers

Compilers translate high-level instructions into 0s


and 1s (machine language)
Interpreters translate the program line by line as
the program is running
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10

High-Level Languages (contd.)


When writing a procedure-oriented program, the
programmer concentrates on the major tasks that
the program needs to perform
Examples: COBOL, BASIC, C

An object-oriented program requires programmer


to focus on the objects that the program can use to
accomplish its goal
Examples: C++, Visual Basic, Java, C#

Object-oriented programs allow for better codereuse


An object can be used in more than one program
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11

Control Structures
Programs are written using three basic structures
Sequence
Used in every program you write

Repetition
Used in most programs you write

Selection
Used in most programs you write

These are called control structures or logic


structures

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12

The Sequence Structure


The sequence structure directs the computer to
process the program instructions, one after
another, in the order listed in the program
An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions
that accomplish a task
Example: following a recipe to make cookies

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13

The Sequence Structure (contd.)

Figure 1-1 An example of the sequence structure


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

14

The Selection Structure


Selection structure: makes a decision and then
takes an appropriate action based on that decision
Also called the decision structure

Example: waiting or crossing at railroad tracks


depending on signal lights

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15

The Selection Structure (contd.)

Figure 1-2 An example of the selection structure

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

16

The Selection Structure (contd.)

Figure 1-3 Another example of the selection structure


An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

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The Repetition Structure


Repetition structure: directs computer to repeat
one or more instructions until some condition is met
Also called a loop or iteration

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18

The Repetition Structure (contd.)

Figure 1-4 Modified algorithm showing the repetition structure

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The Repetition Structure (contd.)


What could you do if you dont know precisely how
many steps separate Robin from the boxes?

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The Repetition Structure (contd.)

Figure 1-5 Algorithm showing the modified condition in the repetition structure

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

21

Summary
Programs are step-by-step instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a task
Programmers use programming languages to
communicate with the computer
First programming languages were machine
languages: 0s and 1s (machine code)
Next came assembly languages, which allowed for
mnemonics
High-level languages can be used to create
procedure-oriented programs or object-oriented
programs
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

22

Summary (contd.)
Algorithm: step-by-step instructions that
accomplish a task (not written in a programming
language)
Algorithms contain one or more of the following
control structures: sequence, selection, and
repetition

Sequence structure: process the instructions, one


after another, in the order listed

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Summary (contd.)
Selection structure: directs the computer to make a
decision and then to select an appropriate action
based on that decision
Repetition structure: repeat one or more
instructions until some condition is met

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

24

Lab 1-1: Stop and Analyze


A local business employs five salespeople and
pays a 3% bonus on a salespersons sales
Your task is to create a program that calculates the
amount of each salespersons bonus
The program should print each salespersons name
and bonus amount

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

25

Lab 1-2: Plan and Create


Using only the instructions shown below, create an
algorithm that shows the steps an instructor takes
when grading a test that contains 25 questions

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26

Lab 1-3: Modify


Modify the algorithm shown in Lab 1-1 so that it
gives a 3.5% bonus to salespeople selling more
than $2,000
All other salespeople should receive a 3% bonus

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Sixth Edition

27

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