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The presentations cover the objectives found in the

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All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
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1

Principles of Information Security,

Fourth Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Information Security

Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this material, you should be
able to:
Define information security
Recount the history of computer security and how it
evolved into information security
Define key terms and critical concepts of information
security
Enumerate the phases of the security systems
development life cycle
Describe the information security roles of
professionals within an organization
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

Introduction
Information security: a well-informed sense of
assurance that the information risks and controls
are in balance. Jim Anderson, Inovant (2002)
Security professionals must review the origins of
this field to understand its impact on our
understanding of information security today

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

The History of Information Security

Computer security began immediately after the first
mainframes were developed
Groups developing code-breaking computations
during World War II created the first modern
computers
Multiple levels of security were implemented

Physical controls to limit access to sensitive military

locations to authorized personnel
Rudimentary in defending against physical theft,
espionage, and sabotage
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

Figure 1-1 The Enigma

Figure 1-1 The Enigma

Source: Courtesy of National Security Agency
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

The 1960s
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) began
to examine feasibility of redundant networked
communications
Larry Roberts developed ARPANET from its
inception

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

Figure 1-2 - ARPANET

Figure 1-2 Development of the ARPANET Program Plan3

Source: Courtesy of Dr. Lawrence Roberts
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

The 1970s and 80s

ARPANET grew in popularity as did its potential for
misuse
Fundamental problems with ARPANET security
were identified
No safety procedures for dial-up connections to
ARPANET
Nonexistent user identification and authorization to
system

Late 1970s: microprocessor expanded computing

capabilities and security threats
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

The 1970s and 80s (contd.)

Information security began with Rand Report R-609
(paper that started the study of computer security)
Scope of computer security grew from physical
security to include:
Safety of data
Limiting unauthorized access to data
Involvement of personnel from multiple levels of an
organization

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10

MULTICS
Early focus of computer security research was a
system called Multiplexed Information and
Computing Service (MULTICS)
First operating system created with security as its
primary goal
Mainframe, time-sharing OS developed in mid1960s by General Electric (GE), Bell Labs, and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Several MULTICS key players created UNIX
Primary purpose of UNIX was text processing
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Table 1-1 Key Dates for Seminal Works in Early Computer Security
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The 1990s
Networks of computers became more common; so
too did the need to interconnect networks
Internet became first manifestation of a global
network of networks
Initially based on de facto standards
In early Internet deployments, security was treated
as a low priority

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13

2000 to Present
The Internet brings millions of computer networks
into communication with each othermany of them
unsecured
Ability to secure a computers data influenced by
the security of every computer to which it is
connected
Growing threat of cyber attacks has increased the
need for improved security

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What is Security?
The quality or state of being secureto be free
from danger
A successful organization should have multiple
layers of security in place:

Physical security
Personal security
Operations security
Communications security
Network security
Information security

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What is Security? (contd.)

The protection of information and its critical
elements, including systems and hardware that
use, store, and transmit that information
Necessary tools: policy, awareness, training,
education, technology
C.I.A. triangle
Was standard based on confidentiality, integrity, and
availability
Now expanded into list of critical characteristics of
information
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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Figure 1-3 Components of Information Security

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Key Information Security Concepts

Access
Asset
Attack
Control, Safeguard, or
Countermeasure
Exploit
Exposure
Loss

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

Protection Profile or
Security Posture
Risk
Subjects and Objects
Threat
Threat Agent
Vulnerability

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Key Information Security Concepts

(contd.)
Computer can be subject of an attack and/or the
object of an attack
When the subject of an attack, computer is used as
an active tool to conduct attack
When the object of an attack, computer is the entity
being attacked

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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Figure 1-4 Information Security Terms

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

20

Figure 1-5 Subject and Object of

Attack

Figure 1-5 Computer as the Subject and Object of an Attack

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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Critical Characteristics of Information

The value of information comes from the
characteristics it possesses:

Availability
Accuracy
Authenticity
Confidentiality
Integrity
Utility
Possession

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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CNSS Security Model

Figure 1-6 The McCumber Cube

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Components of an Information System

Information system (IS) is entire set of components
necessary to use information as a resource in the
organization

Software
Hardware
Data
People
Procedures
Networks

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Balancing Information Security and

Access
Impossible to obtain perfect securityit is a
process, not an absolute
Security should be considered balance between
protection and availability
To achieve balance, level of security must allow
reasonable access, yet protect against threats

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Figure 1-6 Balancing Security and

Access

Figure 1-8 Balancing Information Security and Access

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Approaches to Information Security

Implementation: Bottom-Up Approach
Grassroots effort: systems administrators attempt
to improve security of their systems
Key advantage: technical expertise of individual
administrators
Seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical
features:
Participant support
Organizational staying power

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Approaches to Information Security

Implementation: Top-Down Approach
Initiated by upper management
Issue policy, procedures, and processes
Dictate goals and expected outcomes of project
Determine accountability for each required action

The most successful also involve formal

development strategy referred to as systems
development life cycle

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Figure 1-9 Approaches to Information Security Implementation

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29

The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
methodology for design and implementation of
information system within an organization
Methodology: formal approach to problem solving
based on structured sequence of procedures
Using a methodology:
Ensures a rigorous process
Increases probability of success

Traditional SDLC consists of six general phases

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Figure 1-10 SDLC Waterfall Methodology

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31

Investigation
What problem is the system being developed to
solve?
Objectives, constraints, and scope of project are
specified
Preliminary cost-benefit analysis is developed
At the end, feasibility analysis is performed to
assess economic, technical, and behavioral
feasibilities of the process

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Analysis
Consists of assessments of:
The organization
Current systems
Capability to support proposed systems

Analysts determine what new system is expected

to do and how it will interact with existing systems
Ends with documentation of findings and update of
feasibility analysis

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Logical Design
Main factor is business need
Applications capable of providing needed services
are selected

Data support and structures capable of providing

the needed inputs are identified
Technologies to implement physical solution are
determined
Feasibility analysis performed at the end

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Physical Design
Technologies to support the alternatives identified
and evaluated in the logical design are selected
Components evaluated on make-or-buy decision
Feasibility analysis performed
Entire solution presented to end-user
representatives for approval

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Implementation

Needed software created

Components ordered, received, and tested
Users trained and documentation created
Feasibility analysis prepared
Users presented with system for performance review
and acceptance test

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Maintenance and Change

Longest and most expensive phase
Consists of tasks necessary to support and modify
system for remainder of its useful life
Life cycle continues until the process begins again
from the investigation phase
When current system can no longer support the
organizations mission, a new project is
implemented

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The Security Systems Development

Life Cycle
The same phases used in traditional SDLC may be
adapted to support specialized implementation of
an IS project
Identification of specific threats and creating
controls to counter them
SecSDLC is a coherent program rather than a
series of random, seemingly unconnected actions

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Investigation
Identifies process, outcomes, goals, and
constraints of the project
Begins with Enterprise Information Security Policy
(EISP)
Organizational feasibility analysis is performed

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Analysis
Documents from investigation phase are studied
Analysis of existing security policies or programs,
along with documented current threats and
associated controls
Includes analysis of relevant legal issues that could
impact design of the security solution
Risk management task begins

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Logical Design
Creates and develops blueprints for information
security
Incident response actions planned:
Continuity planning
Incident response
Disaster recovery

Feasibility analysis to determine whether project

should be continued or outsourced

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Logical Design
Module development
Ensure separation of domains and encapsulation.
Isolation of modules will make them more robust and
less dependent upon external entities.
Modules are single purpose self-reliant objects.
Modules can be viewed as abstractions whose
design is as simple as possible. Being single
purpose enhances simplicity and minimizes the
number of interfaces (attack possibilities)

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Physical Design
Needed security technology is evaluated,
alternatives are generated, and final design is
selected
At end of phase, feasibility study determines
readiness of organization for project

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Implementation
Security solutions are acquired, tested,
implemented, and tested again
Ensure that only a minimum of code is exposed and
vulnerable.
Ensure that only a minimum of code executes by default.
Ensure that only the minimum amount of code that is
needed to perform a task executes.

Personnel issues evaluated; specific training and

education programs conducted
Entire tested package is presented to management
for final approval
Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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Fail-Safe/Fail-Secure 1
A fail-safe or fail-secure device is one that, in the event
of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at
least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to
personnel.
Fail-safe and fail-secure are similar but distinct concepts.
Fail-safe means that a device will not endanger lives or
properties when it fails. Fail-secure means that access or
data will not fall into the wrong hands in a failure.
Sometimes the approaches suggest opposite solutions.
For example, if a building catches fire, fail-safe systems
would unlock doors to ensure quick escape and allow
firefighters inside, while fail-secure would lock doors to
prevent unauthorized access to the building.
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Maintenance and Change

Perhaps the most important phase, given the everchanging threat environment
Often, repairing damage and restoring information
is a constant duel with an unseen adversary
Information security profile of an organization
requires constant adaptation as new threats
emerge and old threats evolve

Principles of Information Security, Fourth Edition

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Security Professionals and the

Organization
Wide range of professionals required to support a
diverse information security program
Senior management is key component
Additional administrative support and technical
expertise are required to implement details of IS
program

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Senior Management
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Senior technology officer
Primarily responsible for advising senior executives
on strategic planning

Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)

Primarily responsible for assessment, management,
and implementation of IS in the organization
Usually reports directly to the CIO

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Information Security Project Team

A number of individuals who are experienced in
one or more facets of required technical and
nontechnical areas:

Champion
Team leader
Security policy developers
Risk assessment specialists
Security professionals
Systems administrators
End users

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Data Responsibilities
Data owner: responsible for the security and use of
a particular set of information
Data custodian: responsible for storage,
maintenance, and protection of information
Data users: end users who work with information to
perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of
the organization

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Communities of Interest
Group of individuals united by similar
interests/values within an organization
Information security management and professionals
Information technology management and
professionals
Organizational management and professionals

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51

Information Security: Is it an Art or a

Science?
Implementation of information security often
described as combination of art and science
Security artesan idea: based on the way
individuals perceive systems technologists since
computers became commonplace

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Security as Art
No hard and fast rules nor many universally
accepted complete solutions
No manual for implementing security through entire
system

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Security as Science
Dealing with technology designed to operate at
high levels of performance
Specific conditions cause virtually all actions that
occur in computer systems
Nearly every fault, security hole, and systems
malfunction are a result of interaction of specific
hardware and software
If developers had sufficient time, they could resolve
and eliminate faults

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Security as a Social Science

Social science examines the behavior of individuals
interacting with systems
Security begins and ends with the people that
interact with the system
Security administrators can greatly reduce levels of
risk caused by end users, and create more
acceptable and supportable security profiles

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Summary
Information security is a well-informed sense of
assurance that the information risks and controls
are in balance
Computer security began immediately after first
mainframes were developed
Successful organizations have multiple layers of
security in place: physical, personal, operations,
communications, network, and information

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56

Summary (contd.)
Security should be considered a balance between
protection and availability
Information security must be managed similarly to
any major system implemented in an organization
using a methodology like SecSDLC
Implementation of information security often
described as a combination of art and science

Principals of Information Security, Fourth Edition

57

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safe

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