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Digital Communication: Modulation and Coding Course

The document provides an overview of digital communication modulation and coding. It discusses key concepts like sampling, quantization, and baseband modulation. It then summarizes the previous lecture on transforming an information source into a digital format. The current lecture focuses on receiver structure, including demodulation, detection, and the matched filter receiver. The matched filter receiver maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio by correlating the received signal with a time-reversed version of the expected transmitted signal. This correlation can be implemented with a bank of matched filters or correlators to detect the transmitted symbol.

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Abu Bakar Asif
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64 views22 pages

Digital Communication: Modulation and Coding Course

The document provides an overview of digital communication modulation and coding. It discusses key concepts like sampling, quantization, and baseband modulation. It then summarizes the previous lecture on transforming an information source into a digital format. The current lecture focuses on receiver structure, including demodulation, detection, and the matched filter receiver. The matched filter receiver maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio by correlating the received signal with a time-reversed version of the expected transmitted signal. This correlation can be implemented with a bank of matched filters or correlators to detect the transmitted symbol.

Uploaded by

Abu Bakar Asif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Digital Communication :

Modulation and Coding Course

Last time we talked about:

Transforming the information source to a form


compatible with a digital system
Sampling

Quantization

Aliasing
Uniform and non-uniform

Baseband modulation

Binary pulse modulation


M-ary pulse modulation
M-PAM (M-ary Pulse amplitude modulation)

Lecture 3

Formatting and transmission of baseband signal


Digital info.
Format

Textual
source info.
Analog
info.

Bit stream
(Data bits)

Sample

Sampling at rate
f s 1 / Ts
(sampling time=Ts)

Quantize

Pulse
modulate

Encode

Encoding each q. value to


l log 2 L bits
(Data bit duration Tb=Ts/l)

Quantizing each sampled


value to one of the
L levels in quantizer.

Pulse waveforms
(baseband signals)

Mapping every m log 2 M data bits to a


symbol out of M symbols and transmitting
a baseband waveform with duration T

Information (data) rate: Rb 1 / Tb [bits/sec]


Symbol rate : R 1 / T [symbols/sec]

For real time transmission:


Lecture 3

Rb mR

Quantization example
amplitude
x(t)
111 3.1867

Quant. levels

110 2.2762
101 1.3657
100 0.4552

boundaries

011 -0.4552
010 -1.3657
001 -2.2762

xq(nTs): quantized values

x(nTs): sampled values

000 -3.1867

Ts: sampling time


PCM
codeword

110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011
Lecture 3

PCM sequence

Example of M-ary PAM


Assuming real time transmission and equal energy per
transmission data bit for binary-PAM and 4-ary PAM:
4-ary: T=2Tb and Binary: T=Tb

A2 10B 2

Binary PAM
(rectangular pulse)

4-ary PAM
(rectangular pulse)
3B

A.

T
T

10

0
-A.

T
-B

00

01
T

-3B
Lecture 3

11

Example of M-ary PAM


0

Ts

2Ts

2.2762 V
0

Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb

1.3657 V

2T

3T

4T

2T

5T

6T

3T
Lecture 3

Rb=1/Tb=3/Ts
R=1/T=1/Tb=3/Ts

Rb=1/Tb=3/Ts
R=1/T=1/2Tb=3/2Ts=1.5/Ts
6

Today we are going to talk about:

Receiver structure

Demodulation (and sampling)


Detection

First step for designing the receiver

Matched filter receiver

Correlator receiver

Lecture 3

Demodulation and detection


g i (t ) Bandpass si (t )
Pulse
Format
modulate
modulate
channel
transmitted symbol
hc (t )
mi

estimated symbol

Format

m i

Detect

M-ary modulation

i 1, , M

n(t )
Demod.
z (T ) & sample r (t )

Major sources of errors:

Thermal noise (AWGN)

disturbs the signal in an additive fashion (Additive)


has flat spectral density for all frequencies of interest (White)
is modeled by Gaussian random process (Gaussian Noise)

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

Due to the filtering effect of transmitter, channel and receiver,


symbols are smeared.
Lecture 3

Example: Impact of the channel

Lecture 3

Example: Channel impact

hc (t ) (t ) 0.5 (t 0.75T )

Lecture 3

10

Receiver tasks

Demodulation and sampling:

Waveform recovery and preparing the received


signal for detection:

Improving the signal power to the noise power (SNR)


using matched filter
Reducing ISI using equalizer
Sampling the recovered waveform

Detection:

Estimate the transmitted symbol based on the


received sample

Lecture 3

11

Receiver structure
Step 1 waveform to sample transformation

Step 2 decision making

Demodulate & Sample

r (t )

Frequency
down-conversion

Receiving
filter

Equalizing
filter

z (T )

Threshold
comparison

Compensation for
channel induced ISI

For bandpass signals

Received waveform

Detect

Baseband pulse
(possibly distored)

Lecture 3

Baseband pulse

12

Sample
(test statistic)

m i

Baseband and bandpass

Bandpass model of detection process is


equivalent to baseband model because:

The received bandpass waveform is first


transformed to a baseband waveform.

Lecture 3

13

Steps in designing the receiver

Find optimum solution for receiver design with the


following goals:
1. Maximize SNR
2. Minimize ISI

Steps in design:
.
.

Model the received signal


Find separate solutions for each of the goals.

First, we focus on designing a receiver which


maximizes the SNR.

Lecture 3

14

Design the receiver filter to maximize the SNR

Model the received signal

si (t )

r (t ) si (t ) h c (t ) n(t )

r (t )

hc (t )

n(t )
AWGN

Simplify the model:

Received signal in AWGN

Ideal channels
hc (t ) (t )

r (t )

si (t )

r (t ) si (t ) n(t )

n(t )
AWGN
Lecture 3

15

Matched filter receiver

Problem:

Design the receiver filter h(t ) such that the SNR is


maximized at the sampling time when si (t ), i 1,..., M
is transmitted.

Solution:

The optimum filter, is the Matched filter, given by


*

h(t ) hopt (t ) si (T t )
*
H ( f ) H opt ( f ) S i ( f ) exp( j 2fT )
which is the time-reversed and delayed version of the conjugate
of the transmitted signal
h(t ) hopt (t )

si (t )
0

0
Lecture 3

t
16

Example of matched filter


si (t )

h opt (t )

A
T

A2

A
T

si (t )

h opt (t )

A
T

A
T

T/2 T
A
T

y (t ) si (t ) h opt (t )

2T

T 3T/2 2T

y (t ) si (t ) h opt (t )
A2

T/2 T
A
T

Lecture 3

0 T/2

A2
2

17

Properties of the matched filter


The Fourier transform of a matched filter output with the matched signal as input
is, except for a time delay factor, proportional to the ESD of the input signal.

Z ( f ) | S ( f ) |2 exp( j 2fT )
The output signal of a matched filter is proportional to a shifted version of the
autocorrelation function of the input signal to which the filter is matched.

z (t ) Rs (t T ) z (T ) Rs (0) Es
The output SNR of a matched filter depends only on the ratio of the signal energy
to the PSD of the white noise at the filter input.

Es
S

N T N 0 / 2operation:
Two matching conditions in the matched-filtering
max

spectral phase matching that gives the desired output peak at time T.
spectral amplitude matching that gives optimum SNR to the peak value.

Lecture 3

18

Correlator receiver

The matched filter output at the sampling time,


can be realized as the correlator output.

z (T ) hopt (T ) r (T )
T

r ( )si ( )d r (t ), s (t )
*

Lecture 3

19

Implementation of matched filter receiver


Bank of M matched filters

*
1

s (T t )

r (t )
*

sM (T t )

z1 (T )

z1


z M

Matched filter output:


z Observation
vector

z M (T )

zi r (t ) s i (T t ) i 1,..., M
z ( z1 (T ), z 2 (T ),..., z M (T )) ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z M )

Lecture 3

20

Implementation of correlator receiver


Bank of M correlators
s 1 (t )

z1 (T )

r (t )
s

(t )
0

z1


z M

Correlators output:
z Observation
vector

z M (T )

z ( z1 (T ), z 2 (T ),..., z M (T )) ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z M )
T

zi r (t )si (t )dt

i 1,..., M

Lecture 3

21

Implementation example of matched filter


receivers
s1 (t )

Bank of 2 matched filters

A
T

z1 (T )

A
T

r (t )

z1

s2 (t )

0
A
T

z2

z 2 (T )

A
T

Lecture 3

22

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