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Paraphrasing, Summarizing & Quotation - 2

The document discusses three forms of citation: paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting. Paraphrasing involves restating the original text in one's own words while maintaining the same overall meaning and length. Summarizing is shorter than the original and focuses only on the key ideas. The summary provided restates the main point of the original passage in a single sentence, that ergonomics aims to adapt work to suit people's capacities and needs.

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Nudžejma Kadrić
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517 views

Paraphrasing, Summarizing & Quotation - 2

The document discusses three forms of citation: paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting. Paraphrasing involves restating the original text in one's own words while maintaining the same overall meaning and length. Summarizing is shorter than the original and focuses only on the key ideas. The summary provided restates the main point of the original passage in a single sentence, that ergonomics aims to adapt work to suit people's capacities and needs.

Uploaded by

Nudžejma Kadrić
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three forms of citation

PARAPHRASING -

Restate the same thing, in your own


words, steering far clear of the original.

Original:

Mankind is always searching for a better life. One way of


improving it is to plan work so that it corresponds to the
capacities and needs of the worker. Ergonomics is
concerned with fitting work to man. It doesn't limit its goal
to the elimination of physical hazards to health, but aims at
making the work more satisfying to the worker.

Paraphrase:

Since people are always looking to improve their lifestyles,


one of the areas in which they would like to do this is in the
workplace, where they try to adapt work to the
requirements of the worker. This is the main idea of the
study of ergonomics. Ergonomics does not only focus on
making the workplace safer for the health of the workers,
but also on increasing satisfaction in the workplace.

Paraphrasing and
summarizing
Paraphrasing: use all the details in original

text; similar lenght as the original.


Summarizing: use only the most important

ideas in the original text; shorter than the


original

1. Paraphrasing
Make sure:

You have not copied any text (dont use the


same /too similar sentence structures and
vocabulary)

The meaning is the same as the original (dont


use the information that is not in the original text)

The style of writing is your own

Your paraphrase is the same length as the


original

You acknowledge other peoples work through


appropriate referencing.

Paraphrasing
Shared language proper nouns, some

common nouns, tehnical terms, numbers and


dates
Paraphrase the sentence (p.73):
Only 9% of the students who work part-time earn
sufficient income to suppport themselves
Best: convey the details but use different
sentence structure and vocabulary

Techniques
How will you use different structures and vocabulary?
1. Changing vocabulary (finding synonyms)
But - please note that not all words and phrases can be paraphrased. For
example, economics, socialism, email have no effective synonyms.
2.

Changing word class.


Management theories- managerial ideas
3.

Changing word order.


The demonstration given by the students - The students presentation
4.

Changing the voice (active or passive)


The researchers analyzed the problem The problem has been studied in
research

(Un)acceptable
paraphrase/plagiarism
Unacceptable
paraphrase/plagiarism

Acceptable paraphrase

The increase of industry, the growth of


cities, and the explosion of the population
were three large factors of nineteenth
century America. As steam-driven
companies became more visible in the
eastern part of the country, they changed
farm hands into factory workers, and
provided jobs for the large wave of
immigrants. With industry came the growth
of large cities, like Fall River, where the
Bordens lived, which turned into centers of
commerce and trade as well as production.

Fall River, where the Borden family lived,


was typical of northeastern industrial cities
of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered
production had shifted labour from
agriculture to manufacturing, and as
immigrants arrived in the US, they found
work in these new factories. As a result,
large urban areas arose, and thirdly,
America's population grew rapidly. Fall
River was one of these manufacturing and
commercial centers (Williams 2001, p. 1).

What makes this passage plagiarism?


Two reasons:

the writer has only changed


around a few words and phrases, or
changed the order of the original
sentences.

the writer has failed to cite a


source for any of the ideas or facts.
If you do either or both of these things, you
are plagiarizing.

Why is this passage acceptable?


This is acceptable paraphrasing because
the writer:

accurately relays the information


in the original uses her own words.

lets her reader know the source


of her information.

2. Three forms of citation


SUMMARISING Restate the same thing, in your own
words, and in as few words as possible.
Original:

Mankind is always searching for a better life. One


way of improving it is to plan work so that it corresponds
to the capacities and needs of the worker. Ergonomics is
concerned with fitting work to man. It doesn't limit its
goal to the elimination of physical hazards to health, but
aims at making the work more satisfying to the worker.
Summary:
Ergonomics is a discipline that deals with the issue of
adapting the demands of work to suit mankind.

Summarizing
Original passage

Paraphrase

Summarizing

Language is the main


means of communication
between people. But so
many different languages
have developed, that
language has often been a
barrier rather than an aid to
understanding among
peoples. For many years,
people have dreamed of
setting up an international
universal language which all
people could speak and
understand. The arguments
in favour of a universal
language are simple and
obvious. If all peoples spoke
the same tongue, cultural
and economic ties would be
stronger, and good will
might increase between
countries.

Humans communicate
through language. Because
there are so many different
languages, however, people
around the world have a
difficult time understanding
one another. Some people
have wished for a universal
international language that
speakers all over the world
could understand. Their
reasons are straightforward
and clear. A universal
language would build
cultural and economic
bonds. It would also create
better feelings among
countries.(Kispert 2000, p.3)

Since knowing different


languages creates
communication barriers, a
universal language could
bring countries together
culturally, economically,
and promote friendly
relations.(Kispert 2000, p.3)

Summarizing
Make sure:
- The summary is economical and precise.
- The summary is neutral in its representation of the original author's
ideas, and does not include the writers (your) own opinions.
- The original author's ideas expressed in the summary are written in
the writer's own words.
- The summary uses attributive tags (such as - According to Martin
(2007), to remind readers whose ideas are being presented.
- The summary quotes sparingly (usually only key ideas or phrases
that cannot be said precisely except in the original author's own
words).
- The summary can stand alone as a unified and coherent piece of
writing.
- The original source is cited so that readers can locate it.

Summarizing: steps in
composing a summary
Read the text for its main points.
Write out the text's thesis or main point.
Identify the text's major divisions or chunks.

Each division develops one of the stages


needed to make the whole main point.
Try summarizing each part in one or two
sentences.
Now combine your summaries of the parts
into a coherent whole, creating text's main
ideas in your own words.

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