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Chapter 5 Notes

This document summarizes the cell cycle and cell reproduction. It discusses that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase), where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides. Different cell types divide at different rates depending on the body's needs. Cancer occurs when cell division is not properly controlled. The document also covers asexual reproduction methods like binary fission in prokaryotes and budding/fragmentation in some eukaryotes. In multicellular organisms, stem cells differentiate into specialized cell types through cell differentiation.

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taengoo
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170 views

Chapter 5 Notes

This document summarizes the cell cycle and cell reproduction. It discusses that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase), where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides. Different cell types divide at different rates depending on the body's needs. Cancer occurs when cell division is not properly controlled. The document also covers asexual reproduction methods like binary fission in prokaryotes and budding/fragmentation in some eukaryotes. In multicellular organisms, stem cells differentiate into specialized cell types through cell differentiation.

Uploaded by

taengoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

5:
Cell Growth
and
Division
1

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
To this point we have learned what a
cell is and what parts make up a cell.
This chapter will explain how cells
duplicate themselves.
The duplication of cells is called the
Cell Cycle.

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle

The cell cycle is a regular pattern of


growth, DNA replication, and cell
division that occurs in eukaryotic
cells.

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
There
are 4 main stages to the cell cycle:
1. Gap 1 Stage (G )- cells grow, carry out
normal functions and start replicating its
organelles.
1

Most of a cells life is spent in (G1)

2. Synthesis- Cells start to copy the DNA code.


3. Gap 2 Stage (G )- cell continues normal
growth patterns, this is also one of the final
check points to see if everything is ok.
4. Mitosis (M-Phase)-this is when the nucleus
and the cell is actively dividing.
2

We will talk more about this later


4

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
Although most all cells go through the
cell cycle, all cells go through at
different rates.
The rate of cell division is dependent
upon your
bodys need
for certain
cells
Cell Type
Approximate
Life Span
Skin Cells

2 weeks

Red Blood Cells

4 months

Liver Cells

300-500 Days

Intestine-internal lining

4-5 Days

Intestine- muscle and


other tissue

16 years

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle Cell Type
Approximate Life Span
Skin Cells

2 weeks

Red Blood Cells

4 months

Liver Cells

300-500 Days

Intestine-internal lining

4-5 Days

Intestine- muscle and


other tissue

16 years

Remember this is just the life span we


are talking about, not the amount of
time spent in the cell cycle.
For most human cells (G1, S, G2 &M) takes
12 hours.
6

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
Cells that divide very rarely enter a stage that some
scientists call G0 State.
In G0, cells are unlikely to divide, although they continue
to carry out all the normal functions.

Some cells, such as neurons, seem to be in stage G0


their entire lifespan and never divide.
Recently, scientists have discovered that neurons can
divide, but scientists dont know why they dont.
When we find how to make neurons divide, conditions like
paralysis and strokes would be temporary.

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
Scientists have often wondered why cells are
the size that they are and why do they divide
when they do.
Studying these two ideas have led scientist to
some
Cellsbasic
have understandings
upper and lower size
limits!
about
cells:
-If cells were too small, then they would not be
able to fit all of the necessary organelles and
molecules into the cell.
-For example, a cell with too few mitochondria
would not be able to function.
-If cells get to big, than the ratio of surface area
to volume gets to far out of wack!

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
When a cell increases in size, the volume of that cell
increases at a much faster rate than the size.
Because many substances like oxygen, nutrients, and
waste must enter and leave the cell, if the cell gets
too big it will expend more energy getting materials
into and out of the cell than the amount of ATPs it can
make.
If a cell gets to big, it becomes to inefficient to survive
and will eventually die. Instead, it divides to put the
surface area to volume ration back in balance.

10

Section 5.1: The Cell


Cycle
Generally speaking, cells divide for 2
reasons:
1. Keep surface area to volume ratio.
2. Repair and replace old cells.

11

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

In order for this whole process of the cell


cycle to work, the genetic material must be
duplicated.
DNA is located on chromosomes, which
are long threads of DNA.
The amount of DNA in just one of your cells
is about 10 feet long.
So, How does it fit?

12

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

DNA goes through many phases to get


prepared to divide.
During interphase, DNA and the
chromosome it is on are loosely
organized and it looks like spaghetti!
At this point, the genetic material is
called Chromatin.

13

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

Chromatin is very unorganized and is tangled


together.
Before mitosis and cell division, the DNA must
organize so it can get duplicated properly.
Chromatin starts condensing and coiling
around proteins called Histones.
These proteins organize DNA into specific
chromosomes.
Remember, each of these chromosomes have
been duplicated in the S-stage, so there are
two of each.
14

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

It would be impossible for the cell to


separate chromatin equally, so the
genetic information must organize.

15

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

Remember, the
Telomere
chromosomes have already
been duplicated so there
are two of them and they
form an X shape.
Each leg is called a
chromatid.
Each chromatid is held
together by a centromere.
Each end of a chromatid is
called a Telomere.

16

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

Telomeres do not code for genes!


they simply keep the chromosome from
unwrapping or connecting with other
chromosomes.

Once a duplicated chromosome has


organized, mitosis and cytokinesis can
occur.
Mitosis has 4 phases and each can be
indentified by what the chromosomes
are doing.
17

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

1. Prophase: chromatin chromosomes,


nuclear membrane breaks down,
spindle fibers start to appear,
centrioles migrate to the poles.

18

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

2. Metaphase: shortest phase spindle


attaches to centromere as duplicated
chromosomes line up on cell equator.

19

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

3. Anaphase: sister chromatids


separate spindle shortens
chromosomes move to the poles.

20

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

4. Telophase: The opposite of prophase.


Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle
disappears, chromosomes uncoil.

21

Section 5.2: Mitosis &


Cytokinesis

After telophase starts,


cytokinesis usually starts as
well.
Cytokinesis is the splitting of
the cell into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis, is an example of
what happens in animal cells.
In plant cells the cell membrane
can not pinch in because of the
cell wall. Instead, a cell plate
forms between the two nuclei.
22

Section 5.3: Cell Cycle


Regulation

Many factors affect the cell cycle. These


factors control the process of cell
division.
External Factors:

Cell to cell contact:

When cells come in contact with each other they stop


dividing.

Cells release chemicals:

This signals other cells to divide.

Internal Factors:

Enzymes called Cyclin-Dependent Kinases:

Carry cells through many check points to make sure


the cell gets through the whole cell cycle.
23

Section 5.3: Cell Cycle


Regulation
When cell division is not
controlled, cancer is the
end product.

Cancer is just
uncontrolled cell growth.
Cells usually grow and
divide until they come in
contact with another cell
and then stop.
If the division doesnt
stop, tumors are formed.
Tumors are big piles of
rapidly dividing cells.
There are two types of
tumors

24

Section 5.3: Cell Cycle


Regulation

There are two types of tumors:


1. Benign: cancer cells remain clustered
together.
2. Malignant: cancer cells break away and
spread to other parts of the body
(metastasize)

So what makes cancer cells harmful?

25

Section 5.3: Cell Cycle


Regulation

So what makes cancer cells harmful?


Cancer cells do not carry out the functions
that certain type of cell is supposed to.

For example, lung cells have to exchange


oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Cancer cells in the lungs dont do this, so
while these cancer cells are taking up
space, they are not functioning.
Eventually the good cells die out and you
are left with all cancer cells.

26

Section 5.4: Other Types of Cell


Reproduction
Not all cells
reproduce by
mitosis!

Prokaryotes no not
because they have no
nucleus.
Most prokaryotes
reproduce asexually by a
process called binary
fission.

The cell simply duplicates


its DNA and divides into
roughly two equal cells.
27

Section 5.4: Other Types of Cell


Reproduction
Some eukaryotes also reproduce
asexually.
Mitotic reproduction is common in
simpler plants and animals.

Mitotic reproduction can take several


forms:

Budding- a small projection grows on the


surface of the parent organism, forming a
separate new individual.
Fragmentation- a parent organism splits into
pieces, each of which can grow into a new
organism.
28

Section 5.5: Multicellular Life


In multicellular organisms, cells
communicate and work together in
groups that form complex organisms.

Cells Tissues Organs Organ


Systems Organisms
In multicellular organisms, cells go through
the process of cell differentiation.

29

Section 5.5: Multicellular Life


Cell Differentiation:
Early cells of organisms are called stem
cells.
Stem Cells:

These are cells that do not have a function


As the organism grows, the stem cells turn into
all of the cells your body needs.

30

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