Well Test Analysis For Fracture Reservoir Evaluation
Well Test Analysis For Fracture Reservoir Evaluation
Fracture Reservoir
Evaluation
Characteristic of Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Regarding the lithology, it is mainly limestone, dolomite,
cherty silicious shales and shale.
Fractured reservoir system consist of fractures, blocks
(primary porosity), vugs and fissures.
In this case, matrix permeabilities are very small (less
than 0.1 mD) and the fractured permeabilities range from
5 t o 50 mD.
In general, it can be said that on average the fracture
porosity is less than 0.5%.
There are good and poor producers. Others are initially
good producers but after a short time a sharp decline in
production and pressure is observed and an early
increase in the gas/oil ratio.
During drilling, several factors such as loss of circulation
and change of rate of penetration are good indicators of
fractures besides core analysis.
Where
dimana:
does not develop on the log-log plot, then the early part
of the test cannot be interpreted, even with type curves.
If a characteristic semilog plot develops, then one can
calculate kf, , and s from this plot, and it would then be
possible to use type curves to estimate .
The permeability kf is estimated from the pressure
match, and C is calculated from the time match as
follows:
Pressure Derivative
Method
Pressure Derivative
Method
The pressure derivative type curves are used to
match the derivative of pressure data to a
derivative type curve and then read the matching
parameters on the original type curves
The following equations can be used to calculate
reservoir parameters such as , kh, C, CD, s, and
for pressure buildup analysis.
Parameter is calculated from the equation
Pressure Derivative
Method
Wellbore storage constant is calculated from the
equation
in the following table. Other well and reservoir data are given
below:
Solution
Total oil produced
Pseudo-producing time, tp
Wellbore Storage
Analysis
Pressure Derivative
Method
Solution
Calculate , kh, s, and
Model Adam
Daerah dlm terdiri dari matriks dgn jari-jari r m dan permeabilitas km.
Daerah luar terdiri dari matriks dan rekahan didominasi oleh
permeabilitas rekahan kf (kf>>km).
dan
t (hr)
pws (psi)
(tp+t)/t
pws 2(psi2)
1.0
854
1571.0
729,316
1.5
924
1047.7
853,776
2.0
973
786.0
946,729
2.5
990
629.0
980,100
3.0
1006
524.3
1,012,036
4.0
1042
393.5
1,085,764
pws (psi)
(tp+t)t
pws 2(psi2)
5.0
1069
315.0
1,142,761
6.0
1080
262.7
1,166,400
7.0
1097
225.3
1,203,409
8.0
1112
197.3
1,236,544
10.0
1125
158.0
1,265,625
13.0
1141
121.8
1,301,881
16.0
1153
99.1
1,329,409
19.0
1163
83.6
1,352,569
25.0
1174
63.8
1,378,276
31.0
1186
51.6
1,406,596
37.0
1195
43.4
1,428,025
43.0
1199
37.5
1,437,601
49.0
1204
33.0
1,449,616
55.0
1211
29.5
1,466,521
pws (psi)
(tp+t)t
pws 2(psi2)
62.0
1215
26.3
1,476,225
66.0
1219
24.8
1,485,961
71.0
1223
23.1
1,495,729
77.0
1226
21.4
1,503,076
84.0
1228
19.7
1,507,984
90.0
1232
18.4
1,517,824
100.0
1234
16.7
1,522,756
109.0
1233
15.4
1,520,289
119.0
1235
14.2
1,525,225
134.0
1237
12.7
1,530,169
143.0
1237
12.0
1,530,169
153.0
1239
11.3
1,535,121
171.0
1241
10.2
1,540,081
197.0
1241
9.0
1,540,081
pws (psi)
(tp+t)t
pws 2(psi2)
214.0
1243
8.3
1,545,049
236.0
1246
7.7
1,552,516
255.0
1247
7.2
1,555,009
273.0
1249
6.8
1,560,001
310.0
1251
6.1
1,565,001
333.0
1252
5.7
1,567,504
369.0
1255
5.3
1,575,025
Faktor Skin, s:
dan
Sehingga:
Model Najurieta
Model deSwaan
Model Najurieta
Pada dasar sumur:
Dimana: co = composite
diffusivity
Transmissibility Fracture Tf = kh/=162.6 q
Model Najurieta
Untuk horizontal fracture (strata):
Untuk matriks yang terdiri dari kubuskubus:
dimana:
Persamaan (10) berlaku untuk:
Model Najurieta
Jika t/1, untuk strata:
f(t,) 1 dan
Jika t/1, untuk blok-blok kubus:
Model Najurieta
Karena co = f ketika t kecil, maka
pers (11) dpt ditulis sbg:
Untuk strata:
Untuk matriks kubus:
Uji Drawdown
Prosedur:
1.Data penurunan tekanan yang diamati, pf,wf
= pi pwf , terhadap t pada grafik semilog,
maka gambar tersebut akan mirip gambar di
bawah. Bila tidak, ada beberapa sebab yaitu:
o q tidak dapat distabilkan ketika sumur
diproduksikan
o > 5 x 10-5
o Ukuran tebal matriks kurang dari 3 ft
o km > 0.01 md
o sangat kecil
o Sumur tidak memotong rekahan
o Efek wellbore storage atau efek batas pengurasan
Uji Drawdown
2. Dari kemiringan apakah dari garis lurus awal
atau akhir, hitung Tf. Tf = kh/=162.6 q Bo/mf
3. Ukur p dan hitung dari pers (20) atau (21).
untuk strata
dan
untuk matrix kubus
4. Catat waktu t dimana akhir kurva transisi dan
garis lurus akhir dimulai. Waktu ini kira-kira
sama dengan . Anggap hm diketahui dari
logging, tentukan m dgn Pers (15). Dengan
menganggap
Uji Drawdown
km diketahui dari analisa core, hitung S m
dan kemudian Sf dengan persamaan
pada langkah 3.
5. Perpanjang garis lurus akhir hingga t =
1 dan baca p1hr. Karena kita gunakan
garis lurus akhir, co suatu konstanta
yang didefinisikan oleh persamaan (17)
dan (18). Hitung co dan kemudian hitung
faktor skin.
PBU
Plot pf,ws (hanya pf,ws) vs (tp+t)/t
menghasilkan garis lurus (pertama)
saat t kecil.
Tentukan Slope, m.
Hitung = 10-p /m.
Hitung Sm = m hm Ct
Hitung Sf = Sm/(1-).
Hitung m = 0.140 hm2/.
Hitung Tf .
Hitung co .
PBU
Htung Faktor skin
Plot PBU
24.5 psi
Penyelesaian
Penyelesaian
= 1.076 jam
m = 0.140 hm2/ = 0.140 x 172/1.076 =
27.6 ft2/hr
Dari harga kemiringan m = 32 log/cycle,
maka:
Tf =162.6 q Bo/m = 162.6(2554)2.3/32
= 29848mdft/cp
co = 2.64x10-4 x 29848 / (2.917x105+6.038x10-6)
= 2.24x105 ft2/hr
Penyelesaian
Untuk menghitung faktor skin, dipilih p kecil
pd garis lurus pertama dan membaca p f,ws yg
sesuai.
Horner time = 106 t = 31 sec (0.00861 hr)
pf,ws = 6625 psi
s =1.151[(66256352.3)/32
log(2.24x105x0.00861/0.3752)]
=5