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Well Test Analysis For Fracture Reservoir Evaluation

This document discusses well test analysis methods for evaluating naturally fractured reservoirs. It describes the characteristics of such reservoirs, including low matrix permeability and higher fracture permeability. It also presents the Warren-Root, Kazemi, and other models used to analyze pressure derivative and buildup test data. Parameters like fracture storage (ω), matrix-fracture interaction (λ), and skin factor (s) can be estimated. Type curve matching and pressure derivative techniques are outlined to determine reservoir properties from pressure transient test data.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
94 views

Well Test Analysis For Fracture Reservoir Evaluation

This document discusses well test analysis methods for evaluating naturally fractured reservoirs. It describes the characteristics of such reservoirs, including low matrix permeability and higher fracture permeability. It also presents the Warren-Root, Kazemi, and other models used to analyze pressure derivative and buildup test data. Parameters like fracture storage (ω), matrix-fracture interaction (λ), and skin factor (s) can be estimated. Type curve matching and pressure derivative techniques are outlined to determine reservoir properties from pressure transient test data.

Uploaded by

Karen Sondakh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Well Test Analysis for

Fracture Reservoir
Evaluation

Reservoir model and flow regime identification using pressure and


pressure derivative behavior (after Clark and van Golf-Racht, 1985)

Characteristic of Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
Regarding the lithology, it is mainly limestone, dolomite,
cherty silicious shales and shale.
Fractured reservoir system consist of fractures, blocks
(primary porosity), vugs and fissures.
In this case, matrix permeabilities are very small (less
than 0.1 mD) and the fractured permeabilities range from
5 t o 50 mD.
In general, it can be said that on average the fracture
porosity is less than 0.5%.
There are good and poor producers. Others are initially
good producers but after a short time a sharp decline in
production and pressure is observed and an early
increase in the gas/oil ratio.
During drilling, several factors such as loss of circulation
and change of rate of penetration are good indicators of
fractures besides core analysis.

Main Characteristics and Behavior of Naturally


Fractured Reservoirs

Main Characteristics of Matrix Blocks and


Fracture Systems

Most common Interpretation


Methods
Ciri-ciri segment (transisi) kedua dalam gambar di
atas ditentukan oleh interaksi hubungan matriks
dan rekahan. Aliran dari matriks dan rekahan
berdasarkan pada satu dari anggapan berikut:
Laju alir sebanding dengan perbedaan tekanan
antara matriks dan rekahan (Warren dan Root,
1963).
Laju alir sebanding dengan gradien tekanan ratarata sepanjang matriks (Streltsova, 1983).
Laju alir merupakan fungsi penurunan tekanan
tak mantap melalui matriks (Kazemi, 1969;
deSwaan, 1976; and Najurieta, 1980).

Applying the continuity equation to this geometry, Warren


and Root (1963) came up with the following equations (in
dimensionless form):

Where

For infinite reservoir


For finite reservoir

Model Warren dan Root


Parameter : ratio of fracture storage to total
storage

Parameter : ratio of matrix permeability to


fracture permeability
Pressure Drawdown:

Model Warren dan Root


Pressure Build up:

dimana:

Model Warren dan Root


Parameter ditentukan dgn menentukan p
dari Gambar 1 dan persamaan berikut:

Kazemi (1969) menyatakan bahwa jika p


kurang dari 100 psi, penggunaan pers (15)
menyebabkan kesalahan
berarti dalam
penentuan .

Typical pressure drawdown behavior


curve shapes
Graph of pressure drawdown
in individual wells can be
divided into three areas:
Transient radial flow through
fracture (first parallel straight
line).
Transitional slowdown rate of
decline in pressures.
Late-transient radial flow
(second parallel straight line).
Characteristic curve of the
figure is obtained for > 0
and = 10-5.

Typical Pressure Buildup Behavior


Curve Shapes

Most common Interpretation


Methods
Ciri-ciri segment (transisi) kedua dalam gambar di
atas ditentukan oleh interaksi hubungan matriks
dan rekahan. Aliran dari matriks dan rekahan
berdasarkan pada satu dari anggapan berikut:
Laju alir sebanding dengan perbedaan tekanan
antara matriks dan rekahan (Warren dan Root,
1963).
Laju alir sebanding dengan gradien tekanan ratarata sepanjang matriks (Streltsova, 1983).
Laju alir merupakan fungsi penurunan tekanan
tak mantap melalui matriks (Kazemi, 1969;
deSwaan, 1976; and Najurieta, 1980).

Naturally Fractured Reservoir


Modeling

Model didasarkan asumsi berikut:


1. Matriks bersifat homogen dan isotropik
terhadap seluruh parameter reservoir, dan
sumur sepenuh nya menembus pay zone.
2. Dalam daerah pengurasan sumur, sistem
rekahan membentuk pola teratur yang
homogen dan isotropik terhadap porositas,
permeabilitas , dan kompresibilitas rekahan.
3. Baik rekahan dan matriks mempunyai
saturasi
yang
sama,
fluida
sedikit
termampatkan, dan hanya satu fasa yang
bergerak.

Type Curve Matching


Technique
If wellbore storage effects are present but the 45 line

does not develop on the log-log plot, then the early part
of the test cannot be interpreted, even with type curves.
If a characteristic semilog plot develops, then one can
calculate kf, , and s from this plot, and it would then be
possible to use type curves to estimate .
The permeability kf is estimated from the pressure
match, and C is calculated from the time match as
follows:

The early segment is matched to one of the type curves


labeled (CD e2s)f
The final segment is matched to one of the type curves
labeled (CD e2s)f+m

Type Curve Matching


Technique
(Sf + Sm) is known from well logs, then parameter
(CD)f+m is determined as follows:

The intermediate segment is matched to one of the


curves labeled e-2s,and is determined as follows

Pressure Derivative
Method

Pressure Derivative
Method
The pressure derivative type curves are used to
match the derivative of pressure data to a
derivative type curve and then read the matching
parameters on the original type curves
The following equations can be used to calculate
reservoir parameters such as , kh, C, CD, s, and
for pressure buildup analysis.
Parameter is calculated from the equation

Product kh is calculated from the equation

Pressure Derivative
Method
Wellbore storage constant is calculated from the
equation

From curve match points

From transition curve match points

Analyzing Pressure Buildup


Test in Naturally Fractured
Reservoir
Pressure buildup test data for a naturally fractured well are given

in the following table. Other well and reservoir data are given
below:

qo = 960 stb/day, = 0.07, o = 1.0 cP, h = 36 ft, Bo = 1.280


rb/stb,
ct = 1.0 x 10-5 psi-1, and rw = 0.29 ft. Calculate the following
using Horner plot and type curve matching method:
Total producing time.
Reservoir properties such as , kh, C, s, and .

Pressure Buildup Data

Pressure Buildup Data


(Continued)

Pressure Buildup Data


(Continued)

Solution
Total oil produced
Pseudo-producing time, tp

Wellbore Storage
Analysis

Fig. 1: Log-log pressure buildup data plot

Horners Plot Analysis

Fig. 2: Semi-log pressure buildup data

Pressure Derivative Plot


Analysis

Fig. 2: Buildup test data plot

Pressure Derivative Plot


Analysis

Fig. 2: Type curve matching plot

Pressure Derivative
Method

Solution
Calculate , kh, s, and

Model Adam

Daerah dlm terdiri dari matriks dgn jari-jari r m dan permeabilitas km.
Daerah luar terdiri dari matriks dan rekahan didominasi oleh
permeabilitas rekahan kf (kf>>km).

Model Adam (PDD)


Ketika tekanan transien masih dalam inner
zone.

Ketika tekanan transien sudah masuk


outer zone.

Model Adam (PBU)

Ketika tekanan transien masih dalam inner


zone

dimana: tp+t tp dan


Ketika tekanan transien sudah masuk outer
zone.

dan

Model Adam (PBU)


Penentuan jari-jari inner zone.

Ketika tekanan transien sudah masuk


outer zone.

dimana: p1hr = pws@t=1hr pada garis lurus


pertama

Soal Model Adam


Data aliran, sifat fisik batuan & fluida reservoir adalah:
q = 548 MSCF/DT = 549.6oR
= 0.013cp
ct = 8.2x10-4 psi-1
z = 0.831 rw = 0.3ft
tp = 1570 hrs
h = 162 ft z constant
P2wf@t=0 = 369,664 psi2
A = 20 acres
= 0.03
Tentukan km, kf, s, rm dan p untuk data uji sumur berikut.

t (hr)

pws (psi)

(tp+t)/t

pws 2(psi2)

1.0

854

1571.0

729,316

1.5

924

1047.7

853,776

2.0

973

786.0

946,729

2.5

990

629.0

980,100

3.0

1006

524.3

1,012,036

4.0

1042

393.5

1,085,764

Soal Model Adam


t (hr)

pws (psi)

(tp+t)t

pws 2(psi2)

5.0

1069

315.0

1,142,761

6.0

1080

262.7

1,166,400

7.0

1097

225.3

1,203,409

8.0

1112

197.3

1,236,544

10.0

1125

158.0

1,265,625

13.0

1141

121.8

1,301,881

16.0

1153

99.1

1,329,409

19.0

1163

83.6

1,352,569

25.0

1174

63.8

1,378,276

31.0

1186

51.6

1,406,596

37.0

1195

43.4

1,428,025

43.0

1199

37.5

1,437,601

49.0

1204

33.0

1,449,616

55.0

1211

29.5

1,466,521

Soal Model Adam


t (hr)

pws (psi)

(tp+t)t

pws 2(psi2)

62.0

1215

26.3

1,476,225

66.0

1219

24.8

1,485,961

71.0

1223

23.1

1,495,729

77.0

1226

21.4

1,503,076

84.0

1228

19.7

1,507,984

90.0

1232

18.4

1,517,824

100.0

1234

16.7

1,522,756

109.0

1233

15.4

1,520,289

119.0

1235

14.2

1,525,225

134.0

1237

12.7

1,530,169

143.0

1237

12.0

1,530,169

153.0

1239

11.3

1,535,121

171.0

1241

10.2

1,540,081

197.0

1241

9.0

1,540,081

Soal Model Adam


t (hr)

pws (psi)

(tp+t)t

pws 2(psi2)

214.0

1243

8.3

1,545,049

236.0

1246

7.7

1,552,516

255.0

1247

7.2

1,555,009

273.0

1249

6.8

1,560,001

310.0

1251

6.1

1,565,001

333.0

1252

5.7

1,567,504

369.0

1255

5.3

1,575,025

Penyelesaian Model Adam

Penyelesaian Model Adam


Slope pertama, mm = 235,000 psi2/cycle
Slope kedua, mf = 107,000 psi2/cycle
Titik perpotongan [tp+t)/t]int = 19
P1hr2 pada garis lurus pertama = 1,025,000
psi2
P2* = 1,660,000 psi2
Maka permeabilitas matriks km dan rekahan kf:

Penyelesaian Model Adam


Jari-jari inner (matrix) zone, rm:

Faktor Skin, s:

Bila daerah luas daerah pengurasan 20


acres berbentuk bulat, maka tekanan_
rata-rata, p:

Curva MBH untuk daerah pengurasan circular


atau square

Penyelesaian Model Adam


Dari kurva MBH diperoleh pD = 2.8,
maka

dan

Sehingga:

Model Najurieta

Model deSwaan

Model Najurieta
Pada dasar sumur:

Dimana: co = composite
diffusivity
Transmissibility Fracture Tf = kh/=162.6 q

Model Najurieta
Untuk horizontal fracture (strata):
Untuk matriks yang terdiri dari kubuskubus:

dimana:
Persamaan (10) berlaku untuk:

Model Najurieta
Jika t/1, untuk strata:

f(t,) 1 dan
Jika t/1, untuk blok-blok kubus:

f(t,) 1/3 dan


Garis lurus pada semilog plot dimulai pada t
.
Persamaan (17) & (18) menunjukkan ketika t
> , reservoir rekah alami berkelakuan sbg
reservoir homogen tak rekah dgn diffusivity
konstant.

Model Najurieta
Karena co = f ketika t kecil, maka
pers (11) dpt ditulis sbg:

Pressure drop vertikal dapat


dinyatakan sbb:

Untuk strata:
Untuk matriks kubus:

Uji Drawdown

Prosedur:
1.Data penurunan tekanan yang diamati, pf,wf
= pi pwf , terhadap t pada grafik semilog,
maka gambar tersebut akan mirip gambar di
bawah. Bila tidak, ada beberapa sebab yaitu:
o q tidak dapat distabilkan ketika sumur
diproduksikan
o > 5 x 10-5
o Ukuran tebal matriks kurang dari 3 ft
o km > 0.01 md
o sangat kecil
o Sumur tidak memotong rekahan
o Efek wellbore storage atau efek batas pengurasan

Gambar: Profil respon tekanan selama uji drawdown

Uji Drawdown
2. Dari kemiringan apakah dari garis lurus awal
atau akhir, hitung Tf. Tf = kh/=162.6 q Bo/mf
3. Ukur p dan hitung dari pers (20) atau (21).
untuk strata
dan
untuk matrix kubus
4. Catat waktu t dimana akhir kurva transisi dan
garis lurus akhir dimulai. Waktu ini kira-kira
sama dengan . Anggap hm diketahui dari
logging, tentukan m dgn Pers (15). Dengan
menganggap

Uji Drawdown
km diketahui dari analisa core, hitung S m
dan kemudian Sf dengan persamaan
pada langkah 3.
5. Perpanjang garis lurus akhir hingga t =
1 dan baca p1hr. Karena kita gunakan
garis lurus akhir, co suatu konstanta
yang didefinisikan oleh persamaan (17)
dan (18). Hitung co dan kemudian hitung
faktor skin.

PBU
Plot pf,ws (hanya pf,ws) vs (tp+t)/t
menghasilkan garis lurus (pertama)
saat t kecil.
Tentukan Slope, m.
Hitung = 10-p /m.
Hitung Sm = m hm Ct
Hitung Sf = Sm/(1-).
Hitung m = 0.140 hm2/.
Hitung Tf .
Hitung co .

PBU
Htung Faktor skin

Soal Model Najurieta


Uji PBU pada reservoir rekah memberi
data sbb:

Soal Model Najurieta


Data batuan dan fluida reservoir adalah sbb:
pi = 6789.5 psi Pf,wf@t=0 = 6352.3 psi
= 1 cp q = 2554 STB/D
Bo = 2.3 RB/STB rw = 0.375 ft
tp = 31 x 106 secs
Data tambahan lain dari analisa core dan
logging:
m = 0.21
km = 0.1 md
hm = 17ft

Ct = 8.17 x 10-6 psi-1

Tentukan Tf, Sf, Sm, dan .

Plot PBU

24.5 psi

Penyelesaian

Slope m = 31.98 log/cycle.


p = 24.5 psi
= 10-24.5/32 = 0.1715
Sm = m hm Ct = 0.21 x 17 x 8.17 x 10-6
= 2.917 x 10-5 ft/psi
Sebab reservoir strata
Sf = Sm/(1-) = 0.1715 x 2.917 x 10-5/(10.1715)
= 6.038 x 10-6 ft/psi
Awal garis lurus kedua = 8 x 103 atau t =
3875 det (1.076 jam) sehingga:

Penyelesaian
= 1.076 jam
m = 0.140 hm2/ = 0.140 x 172/1.076 =
27.6 ft2/hr
Dari harga kemiringan m = 32 log/cycle,
maka:
Tf =162.6 q Bo/m = 162.6(2554)2.3/32
= 29848mdft/cp
co = 2.64x10-4 x 29848 / (2.917x105+6.038x10-6)
= 2.24x105 ft2/hr

Penyelesaian
Untuk menghitung faktor skin, dipilih p kecil
pd garis lurus pertama dan membaca p f,ws yg
sesuai.
Horner time = 106 t = 31 sec (0.00861 hr)
pf,ws = 6625 psi
s =1.151[(66256352.3)/32
log(2.24x105x0.00861/0.3752)]
=5

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