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Chapter04 FileSystems

The document discusses file systems and their essential components. It notes that file systems must allow large information storage, information persistence after process termination, and concurrent access by multiple processes. The document then covers key aspects of file systems like disk structure, file naming, types, attributes, operations, directory structures, implementation methods, and performance optimization techniques.

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Arshad Shaikh
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Chapter04 FileSystems

The document discusses file systems and their essential components. It notes that file systems must allow large information storage, information persistence after process termination, and concurrent access by multiple processes. The document then covers key aspects of file systems like disk structure, file naming, types, attributes, operations, directory structures, implementation methods, and performance optimization techniques.

Uploaded by

Arshad Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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File Systems

Chapter 4

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File Systems (1)


Essential requirements for long-term
information storage:
1.It must be possible to store a very
large amount of information.
2.Information must survive termination
of process using it.
3.Multiple processes must be able to
access information concurrently.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File Systems (2)


Think of a disk as a linear
sequence of fixed-size blocks
and supporting two operations:
1.Read block k.
2.Write block k

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File Systems (3)


Questions that quickly arise:
1.How do you find information?
2.How do you keep one user from
reading another users data?
3.How do you know which blocks
are free?
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File Naming

Figure 4-1. Some typical file extensions.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File Structure

Figure 4-2. Three kinds of files. (a) Byte sequence.


(b) Record sequence. (c) Tree.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File Types

Figure 4-3. (a) An executable file. (b) An archive


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File Attributes

Figure 4-4. Some possible file attributes.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File Operations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Create
Delete
Open
Close
Read
Write

7. Append
8. Seek
9. Get
attributes
10. Set attributes
11. Rename

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

Example Program Using File System


Calls (1)

Figure 4-5. A simple program to copy a file.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Example Program Using File System


Calls (2)

Figure 4-5. A simple program to copy a file.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Example Program Using File System


Calls (3)

Figure 4-5. A simple program to copy a file.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Single-Level Directory
Systems

Figure 4-6. A single-level directory system


containing four files.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Hierarchical Directory
Systems

Figure 4-7. A hierarchical directory system.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Path Names

Figure 4-8. A UNIX


directory tree.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Directory Operations
1.
2.
3.
4.

Create
Delete
Opendir
Closedir

5.
6.
7.
8.

Readdir
Rename
Link
Unlink

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File System Layout

Figure 4-9. A possible file system layout.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing Files
Contiguous Layout

Figure 4-10. (a) Contiguous allocation of disk


space for seven files. (b) The state of the
disk after files D and F have been removed.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing Files
Linked List Allocation

Figure 4-11. Storing a file as a linked list of disk blocks.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing Files
Linked List Table in
Memory

Figure 4-12. Linked list allocation using a file


allocation
table
in main
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern
Operating Systems:
4th ed., Global
Edition (c)memory.
2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing
Files
I-nodes

Figure 4-13. An
example i-node.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing Directories
(1)

Figure 4-14. (a) A simple directory containing fixedsize entries with the disk addresses and attributes
in the directory entry. (b) A directory in which each
entry just refers to an i-node.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Implementing Directories
(2)

Figure 4-15. Tw o ways of handling long file


names in a directory. (a) In-line. (b) In a heap.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Shared Files (1)

Figure 4-16. File system containing a shared file.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Shared Files (2)

Figure 4-17. (a) Situation prior to linking. (b) After the link is
created. (c) After the original owner removes the file.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Journaling File Systems


Steps to remove a file in UNIX:
1.Remove file from its directory.
2.Release i-node to the pool of free
i-nodes.
3.Return all disk blocks to pool of
free disk blocks.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

Virtual File Systems (1)

Figure 4-18. Position of the virtual file system.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Virtual File Systems (2)

Figure 4-19. A simplified


view of the data structures
and code used by the VFS
and concrete file system
to do a read.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Disk Space Management (1)

Figure 4-20. Percentage of files smaller than a


given size (in bytes).
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Disk Space Management (2)

Figure 4-21. The dashed curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a
disk. The solid curve (right-hand scale) gives the disk space efficiency.
All files are 4 KB.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Keeping Track of Free Blocks


(1)

Figure 4-22. (a) Storing the free list on a


linked list. (b) A bitmap.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Keeping Track of Free Blocks


(2)

Figure 4-23. (a) An almost-full block of pointers to free


disk blocks in memory and three blocks of pointers on
disk. (b) Result of freeing a three-block file. (c) An
alternative strategy for handling the three free blocks.
The shaded entries represent pointers to free disk blocks.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Disk Quotas

Figure 4-24. Quotas are kept track of on a


per-user basis in a quota table.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File System Backups (1)


Backups to tape are generally
made to handle one of two
potential problems:
1.Recover from disaster.
2.Recover from stupidity.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

File System Backups (2)

Figure 4-25. A file system to be dumped. The squares are directories and
the circles are files. The shaded items have been modified since the last
dump. Each directory and file is labeled by its i-node number.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File System Backups (3)

Figure 4-26. Bitmaps used by the logical


dumping algorithm.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File System Consistency

Figure 4-27. File system states. (a) Consistent. (b) Missing block.
(c) Duplicate block in free list. (d) Duplicate data block.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File System Performance (1)

Figure 4-28. The buffer cache data structures.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

File System Performance (2)


Some blocks rarely referenced two
times within a short interval.
Leads to a modified LRU scheme,
taking two factors into account:
1. Is the block likely to be needed again
soon?
2. Is the block essential to the
consistency of the file system?
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

Reducing Disk Arm Motion

Figure 4-29. (a) I-nodes placed at the start of the


disk. (b) Disk divided into cylinder groups, each
with its own blocks and i-nodes.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The MS-DOS File System (1)

Figure 4-30. The MS-DOS directory entry.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The MS-DOS File System (2)

Figure 4-31. Maximum partition size for different block


sizes. The empty boxes represent forbidden combinations.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The UNIX V7 File System (1)

Figure 4-32. A UNIX V7 directory entry.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The UNIX V7 File System (2)

Figure 4-33. A UNIX i-node


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The UNIX V7 File System (3)

Figure 4-34. The steps in looking up


/usr/ast/mbox.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

The ISO 9660 File System

Figure 4-35. The ISO 9660 directory entry.


Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All
rights reserved.

Rock Ridge Extensions


1. PX - POSIX
attributes.
2. PN - Major and
minor device
numbers.
3. SL - Symbolic
link.

5. NM - Alternative
name.
6. CL - Child
location.
7. PL - Parent
location.
8. RE - Relocation.
9. TF - Time stamps.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

Joliet Extensions
1. Long file names.
2. Unicode character set.
3. Directory nesting deeper than
eight levels.
4. Directory names with extensions

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

End
Chapter 4

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education
Limited. All rights reserved.

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