The Biology of Creation

Studying Gods World (Science)

in the Light of Gods Word (Scripture)
Mr. Galloway

Chapter Five
Homeostasis and Transport
5.1 Passive Transport
5.2 Active Transport
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Review from Life Science

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Passive Transport
The selectively permeable membrane helps
maintain homeostasis by controlling what
substances enter or leave cells.
Passive Transport = the movement of
substances across the membrane without any
input of energy (ATP) by the cell.

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Diffusion = Simplest type of passive transport.

* Movement of molecules from higher to lower
concentration.
* Concentration Gradient = the difference in the
concentration.
* Remember, molecules are always moving or at least
vibrating.
* Kinetic energy (energy of motion) drives molecules
during diffusion.
- The molecules rebound (bounce) off of each
other and other molecules and so tend to move
down their concentration gradient, and require no
use of energy.
- Like Super Balls poured out of a bucket
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Diffusion of molecules

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Osmosis / Dialysis

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Equilibrium
A state in which the concentration of the molecules
of a substance is the same throughout a space.
* Naturally occurs if no other influences are present.
* Example a sugar molecules dissolving in a glass
of water, if left alone, will eventually
reach a state of equilibrium throughout the container.

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Diffusion Across a Membrane:

* A molecules ability to diffuse across a membrane depends on
- the molecules size and type
- the membranes chemical nature

Osmosis = Water diffusion, moving down the gradient.

= The net direction of osmosis depends on the solute
concentrations on both sides.
- Hypotonic = lower solute concentration
- Hypertonic = higher solute concentration
- Isotonic = equal concentrations on both sides of
the membrane

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Tonicity & Osmosis

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Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

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How Cells Deal with Osmosis

* Unicellular freshwater organisms often live in a
hypotonic environment.
- Water constantly diffuses into their cell bodies.
- Contractile Vacuoles are used by some
(Paramecium uses it to remove excess water)

* Multicellular animal cells often respond to hypotonic

environments by pumping solutes out of the cells
cytosol.
- Cytolysis occurs when a cell burst because too much
water entered the cell due to a hypotonic environment.

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Example of Red Blood Cells:

* If the external solution has less solute than is in the cells
cytosol, then it has more water molecules than the cytosol.
- Cytosol is hypertonic to the external solution.
- External solution (environment) is hypotonic to the cytosol
- Water diffuses into the cell, and it swells or burst.
* If the external solution has more solute than is in the cytosol,
then it has less water molecules than the cytosol.
- Cytosol is hypotonic to the external solution.
- External solution (environment) is hypertonic to the cytosol.
-Water diffuses out of the cell and the cell shrinks.
* In an isotonic solution both are equal, and the cell is normal.
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Osmosis & Cytolysis

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hypotonic

hypertonic

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hypertonic

isotonic

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isotonic

hypotonic

Plants use osmosis in hypotonic soil to maintain rigidity.

-Turgor Pressure = the pressure of water molecules
against the cell wall. The cell swelling stops when the
expanding membrane hits the cell wall.
(The wall keeps the cell from bursting in plants)
- Plasmolysis is when a plant wilts (sags) in a
hypertonic environment, since the water in the cells
diffuses out and turgor pressure is lost.

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Plant Cell Osmosis

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Facilitated Diffuson = another type of passive transport (no

Facilitated Diffusion
energy used).
* For molecules that cannot diffuse rapidly through the cell
membrane, even though there is a concentration gradient across
the membrane.
* The molecules may be too large to go through the pores, or not
soluble in lipids.
Carrier Proteins assist these molecules across.
- The protein binds to the molecule
- The protein changes shape and shields the molecule
from the lipid layer.
- Releases the molecule on the other side of the
membrane.
(Glucose is too large & is assisted by a specific protein)
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Ion Channel Diffusion

= passive transport for ions, since they are not
soluble in lipids.
* Ion examples (sodium, potassium, calcium)
* Each type of channel is specific for certain ions.
* Some channels are open, and some have gates
responding to three stimuli:
- stretching of the cell membrane
- electrical signals
- chemicals in the cytosol or environment.

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 One cubic mm of blood (that is just a few drops) contains an average

of about 5 million red blood cells.

Two million five hundred thousand (2,500,000) red blood cells are
produced and an equal number are destroyed every second all
through the day and night.

There are about 265 million (265,000,000) molecules of

hemoglobin in every cell and 650,000,000,000.000 molecules of
hemoglobin are produced every second in the human body.

Every molecule of hemoglobin consists of C3032, H4816, O872, N780, S8,

Fe4. These atoms combine to form 574 amino acids which make up
the structure of every hemoglobin molecule in 90 seconds. The
misplacement of one amino acid is enough to cause the difference
between health and disease.

In addition to hemoglobin, hundreds of thousand of other proteins are

produced in every cell. This is just a small example of what is
happening every second in every cell.
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Passive Transport Review

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Section 5.2 Active Transport

Active Transport requires energy use to
move materials up their concentration
gradient, from an area of lower concentration
to an area of higher concentration.
(The opposite direction for diffusion).

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Cell Membrane Pumps:

(Carrier proteins that assist in active transport)
* Sodium-Potassium Pump
transports Na+ and K+ ions UP their
gradients, not down the gradient.
It moves three sodium ions outside the cell for every
two potassium ions that it moves into the cell.
ATP supplies the energy to drive the pump.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/eustruct/images/sppump.gif

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One phosphate group in an

ATP molecule breaks
loose, binds with the
protein pump & releases its
energy to the pump. The
pump changes shape,
releasing the Na+ ions to
the outside. Two K ions
enter the pump. The
phosphate group detaches,
the pump returns to its
original shape & the K
ions leave.

Ion Pump for Na and K

+

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Endocytosis = process by which cells ingest

external fluid, macromolecules, and large
particles, including other cells.
* The cell folds itself around the particle, forms a
pouch, that is then pinched off into the cell as a
vesicle.

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Two Types of Endocytosis

- Pinocytosis = transport of solutes or fluids
- Phagocytosis = movement of large particles
or whole cells. (Many unicellular organisms
feed by phagocytosis)
(Phagocytes = cells like white blood cells, which use
phagocytosis to ingest bacteria and viruses that
invade the body. Lysosomal enzymes then digest the
invaders before they can cause harm.)
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Exocytosis = The reverse of endocytosis.

Vesicles in the cell fuse with the membrane
and release their contents to the outside.
Proteins made on ribosomes are packaged by
the Golgi Apparatus into vesicles, which then
move to the membrane and deliver the proteins
outside the cell.
The nervous and endocrine systems also use
exocytosis to excrete substances vital to the
function of the body.
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Exocytosis of Vesicle Contents

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