Data-Link Protocols

Chapter 23
Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon
By: Wayne Tomasi
1

CLASSIFICATONS OF
DLCP
CHARACTER

ORIENTED PROTOCOLS

Interpret a frame of data as a group of

successive bits combined into predefined

patterns of fixed length bits each representing
a unique character
Data frames for these protocols include control
characters that convey important information
pertaining to DLCP functions
Also called BYTE ORIENTED Protocols
Examples: X-Modem, Y-Modem, Z-Modem,
BLAST, IBM 83B, IBM BSC
2

CLASSIFICATONS OF
DLCP
BIT-ORIENTED

PROTOCOLS

A discipline for serial bit-by-bit

information transfer over a data

communications channel
Information is transferred as a series of
successive bits that may be interpreted
individually on a bit-by-bit basis or in
groups of several bits as opposed to a
fixed length group of bits
Examples: SDLC, HDLC
3

CLASSIFICATONS OF
DLCP
ASYNCHRONOUS

PROTOCOLS

Simple, character oriented protocols generally

used on two-point networks using

asynchronous data and asynchronous modems
Examples: X-MODEM, Y-MODEM, IBM 83B
SYNCHRONOUS

PROTOCOLS

Protocols used on point to multi-point

networks using synchronous data and

synchronous modems
Examples: IBM BSC, SDLC, HDLC
4

ASYNCHRONOUS DLCP
XMODEM
Developed by Ward Christiansen in 1979
The first file transfer protocol (FTP)

designed as an asynchronous, characteroriented protocol to facilitate transferring

data between two personal computers
Specifies a half-duplex stop-and-wait
protocol using a data frame comprised of
four fields
5

ASYNCHRONOUS DLCP
XMODEM

PROCEDURAL SEQUENCE

Destination station sends a negative acknowledgement

(NAK) to the source station

The source sends the first data frame and waits for an
acknowledgement
The destination receives and evaluates the data frame
from the source. It responds with an ACK if there is no
error or a NAK if an error is detected
If the source receives an ACK it sends the next frame. If it
receives a NAK it retransmits the previous frame. If it does
not receive an ACK or a NAK after a predetermined length
of time, it times out and retransmits the previous frame
A single cancel (CAN) character may be used to abort an
ongoing transmission
6

ASYNCHRONOUS DLCP
XMODEM

S
O
H

FRAME FORMAT

8
8
Bit Bit
s
s

8
Bit
s

8
Bit
s

Start of
Heading

Header
Field
(Sequence
Number

with Complementary
Redundancy)

Data Field
128 bytes
Fixed
length

C
R
C
Error
Detectio
n
(8 bits)

ASYNCHRONOUS DLCP
YMODEM
Similar to XMODEM except for the following:
1. The information field has a capacity of 1024
bytes.
2. Two CAN characters are required to abort a
transmission.
3. ITU-T-CRC 16 is used to calculate the frame
check sequence.
4. Multiple frames can be sent in succession and
then acknowledged with a single ACK or NAK
characters (Sliding window flow control)
8

SYNCHRONOUS DLCP
BINARY

SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION

(BSC)
A synchronous character-oriented data-link protocol

developed by IBM
Also called bisync or bisynchronous
communication
Each data transmission is preceded by a unique
synchronization character sent twice

SYNCHRONOUS DLCP
BSC

FRAME FORMAT

SY SY
N N

Poll
Messag Selection
e
Message

Acknowledgeme
nt
Bisync
ASCII
: 16H
Field
Synchronization
(00010110)
Characters
Transmitted in Pairs
EBCDIC : 32H
(00110010)
10

BSC POLLING
SEQUENCES
GENERAL
PA SY SY E
D
N
N
O
T

POLLING SEQUENCE
PA SY SY SP SP
D
N
N
A
A

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line
Turnaround)

E
N
Q

PA
D

SYN. Synchronization
Character
SPA. Station Polling Address
. General Poll

11

BSC POLLING
SEQUENCES
SPECIFIC
PA SY SY E
D
N
N
O
T

POLLING SEQUENCE
PA SY SY SP SP
D
N
N
A
A
D
A

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line
Turnaround)

D
A

E
N
Q

PA
D

SYN. Synchronization
Character
SPA. Station Polling
Address
DA. Device Address

12

BSC POLLING
SEQUENCES
POLLING

SEQUENCE NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PA SY SY E
D
N
N
O
T

PA
D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
EOT. End of Transmission
SYN. Synchronization
Character
13

BSC SELECTION
SEQUENCES
SELECTION
PA SY SY E
D
N
N
O
T

SEQUENCE
PA SY SY SS
D
N
N
A

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line
Turnaround)

SS
A
D
A

D
A

E
N
Q

PA
D

SYN. Synchronization
Character
SSA. Station Selection
Address
DA. Device Address

14

BSC SELECTION
SEQUENCES
SELECTION

SEQUENCE
POSITIVE ACK
PA SY SY D
D
N
N
LE

PA
D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization
Character
DLE. Data Link Escape

15

BSC SELECTION
SEQUENCES
SELECTION

SEQUENCE NAK (RVI.

Reverse Interrupt)
PA SY SY D
D
N
N
LE

PA
D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization
Character
DLE. Data Link Escape

16

BSC MESSAGE
SEQUENCES
MESSAGE

SEQUENCE

PA SY SY S
D
N
N
O
H

Headin
g

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization
Character
SOH. Start of Heading
STX. Start of Text

ST
X

Messag
e

ET
X

B
C
C

PA
D

ETX. End of Text

ETB. End of Text Block
May be used in place
of ETX
BCC. Block Check
Character
LRC for ASCII
CRC-16 for EBCDIC
17

BSC MESSAGE
SEQUENCES

MESSAGE SEQUENCE POSITIVE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PA SY SY D
D
N
N
LE

PA SY SY D
D
N
N
LE

PA
D

PA
D

FOR EVENNUMBERED
BLOCKS

FOR ODDNUMBERED
BLOCKS

18

BSC MESSAGE
SEQUENCES

MESSAGE SEQUENCE NEGATIVE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PA SY SY N
D
N
N
A
K

PA
D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or
AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization
Character
NAK. Negative
Acknowledgement
19

BSC TRANSPARENCY
A process that disables the BSC
controllers capability to identify
data link control characters
Used for communication with
devices that use non-ASCII and nonEBCDIC codes such as those in
microprocessor controlled security
alarm systems or environmental
monitoring systems
Transparent mode is activated when
the STX character is preceded by a

20

OTHER DLE
APPLICATIONS
1.
2.

3.

DLE ETB. Used to terminate all

blocks of data except the final block
DLE ITB. Used to terminate blocks of
transparent text other than the final
block when ITB (end of intermittent
block) is used for block-terminating
character
DLE SYN. With bisync, two SYN
characters are inserted in the text in
messages lasting more than one
second to ensure that the receive
controller maintains character

21

BSC CHARACTER CODES

Character
ACK0 / ACK1
(Alternating positive
acknowledgements)

Hex Use
1070 Indicates that text was received without errors. Also is a positive response
1061 (acknowledgement) to an ENQ (bid) on a point-to-point line. In 3780 Bisynchronous
Communications, this positive acknowledgement alternates between 1070 (even)
and 1061(odd).

DISC (Disconnect)

1037 Indicates a mandatory disconnect on a switched line connection. The station

sending this message will disconnect without having to receive confirmation from
the receiving station.
10
Changes the meaning of the control character immediately following the DLE. For
example, the sequence DLE EOT indicates that both stations on a switched
connection should disconnect from the line.
2D
Has the following uses:
-- Initiates (bids for) control of transmission on a point-to-point connection
-- Indicates the end of a polling or address sequence on a multi-point connection
-- Indicates a request for a station to repeat its response (received from target
station)
-- Indicates that a block of text should be ignored (if the blocks ends with a ENQ)
-- Indicates the end of an identification sequence on a switched connection

DLE (Data Link

Escape)
ENQ (Enquiry)

22

BSC CHARACTER CODES

EOT (End Of
Transmission)

37

ETB (End Of Text

Block)

26

ETX (End Of Text)

03

Pad (Trailing Pad

Character)

FF

Indicates the end of a transmission for the sending system. This is also sent when
the sending system exhausts its retry limit of sending an ENQ to a remote system
without a response.
Indicates the end of a block of data, but not the last block transmitted (more data
will be coming from the station that transmits this).

Indicates the end of a message if ETBs are used (text is transmitted in blocks).
Also can indicate the end of the last block of text transmitted (completed text
transmission)
ITB (Intermediate Text 1F
Divides a block of text into smaller groups of text (Intermediate Text Blocks) for
Block)
error checking.
NAK
3D
Indicates a Not Ready condition (most common), or indicates that an error
occurred. Also is sent as a negative response to a line bid or switched line security
identification.
Pad (Leading Pad
55 or At least 2 leading pad characters are transmitted to synchronize the clocks at the
Character)
AA transmitting and receiving stations.
A trailing pad character ensures that all bits of the last character of a message are
transmitted.
23

BSC CHARACTER CODES

RVI (Reverse
Interrupt)

107C

Transmitted by the receiving station rather than an ACK to indicate a positive

acknowledgement and to request that the transmitting station stop transmitting
so that the receiving station can transmit. (some people may refer to this as a
"turnaround request")

SOH (Start Of Header)

STX (Start Of Text)
SYN (Sync)
TTD (Temporary Text
Delay)

01
02
32
022D

Indicates the start of heading information.

Indicates the start of text.
Establishes and maintains character synchronization.
Indicates to the receiving station that the transmitting station is temporarily not
ready to transmit. (station that transmits this is having an issue)

WACK (Wait Before

Transmitting)

106B

Transmitted by the receiving station to indicate to the transmitting station a

positive acknowledgement and a temporary not-ready-to-receive condition (this is
usually recovered by the application at which point the transmission continues).

24
(END)