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Unit 2 Structure of OS

VTU 6th semester, ECE, Operating System(OS).ppt

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SUSHANTH K J
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163 views

Unit 2 Structure of OS

VTU 6th semester, ECE, Operating System(OS).ppt

Uploaded by

SUSHANTH K J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of

Operating Systems
UNIT 2

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Introduction
Operation of an OS
Structure of an Operating System
Operating Systems with Monolithic
Structure

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Operation of an OS

When a computer is switched on, boot procedure


analyzes its configurationCPU type, memory size, I/O
devices, and details of other hardware
Loads part of OS in memory, initializes data structures,
and hands it control of computer system

During operation of the computer, interrupts


caused by:
An event: I/O completion; end of a time slice
System call made by a process (software interrupt)

Interrupt servicing routine:


Performs context save
Activates event handler

Scheduler selects a process for servicing


#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Operation of an OS
(continued)

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Operation of an OS
(continued)

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Structure of an Operating
System
1)
2)

Policies and Mechanisms


Portability and Extensibility of Operating
Systems

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

1)Policies and Mechanisms

In determining how OS will perform a


function, designer needs to think at two
distinct levels:
Policy: Principle under which OS performs function
Decides what should be done

Mechanism: Action needed to implement a policy


Determines how to do it and actually does it

Example:
Round-robin scheduling is a policy
Mechanisms: maintain queue of ready processes
and dispatch a process
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

2)Portability and Extensibility of


Operating Systems
Portability: ease with which a software
program can be ported
Porting an OS: changing parts of its code
that are architecture-dependent to work
with new HW

Examples: architecture-dependent data and


instructions in an OS

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Portability and Extensibility of


Operating Systems (continued)

Extensibility: ease with which new


functionalities can be added to a software
system
Extensibility of an OS is needed for two purposes:
Incorporating new HW in a computer system
Typically new I/O devices or network adapters

Providing new features for new user expectations

Early OSs did not provide either kind of


extensibility
Modern OSs facilitate addition of a device driver
They also provide a plug-and-play capability

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

Operating Systems with


Monolithic Structure

Early OSs had a monolithic structure


OS formed a single software layer between the
user and the bare machine (hardware)

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

10

Operating Systems with


Monolithic Structure (continued)

Problems with the monolithic structure:


Sole OS layer had an interface with bare machine
Architecture-dependent code spread throughout OS
Poor portability

Made testing and debugging difficult


High costs of maintenance and enhancement

Alternative ways to structure an OS:


1. Layered structure
2. Kernel-based structure
3. Microkernel-based OS structure

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

11

1)Layered Design of Operating


Systems

Semantic gap is reduced by:


Using a more capable machine
Simulating an extended machine in a lower layer
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

12

1)Layered Design of Operating


Systems (continued)

Routines of one layer must use only the


facilities of the layer directly below it
Through its interfaces only

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

13

Example: Structure of the THE


Multiprogramming System

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M'lore

14

1)Layered Design of Operating


Systems (continued)

Problems:
System operation slowed down by layered
structure
Difficulties in developing a layered design
Problem: ordering of layers that require each others
services
Often solved by splitting a layer into two and putting
other layers between the two halves

Stratification of OS functionalities
Complex design
Loss of execution efficiency
Poor extensibility
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M'lore

15

Virtual Machine Operating


Systems
Different classes of users need different kinds
of user service
Virtual machine operating system (VM OS)
creates several virtual machines

A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual resource


Each VM is allocated to one user, who can use any OS
Guest OSs run on each VM

VM OS runs in the real machine


schedules between guest OSs

Distinction between privileged and user modes


of CPU causes some difficulties in use of a VM
OS
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

16

Example: Structure of
VM/370

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

17

Virtual Machine Operating


Systems (continued)

VMs are also used without a VM OS:


Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
Also called a hypervisor
E.g., VMware and XEN

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

18

2)Kernel-Based Operating
Systems

Historical motivations for kernel-based OS


structure were OS portability and convenience
in design and coding of nonkernel routines
Mechanisms implemented in kernel, policies outside

Kernel-based OSs have poor extensibility


#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

19

2)Kernel-Based Operating
Systems (continued)

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

20

Evolution of Kernel-Based
Structure of Operating Systems

Dynamically loadable kernel modules


Kernel designed as set of modules
Modules interact through interfaces

Base kernel loaded when system is booted


Other modules loaded when needed
Conserves memory

Used to implement device drivers and new system


calls

User-level device drivers


Ease of development, debugging, deployment and
robustness
Performance is ensured through HW and SW means
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

21

3)Microkernel-Based Operating
Systems
The microkernel was developed in the early
1990s to overcome the problems
concerning portability, extensibility, and
reliability of kernels
A microkernel is an essential core of OS
code

Contains only a subset of the mechanisms


typically included in a kernel
Supports only a small number of system calls,
which are heavily tested and used
Less essential code exists outside the kernel
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

22

3)Microkernel-Based Operating
Systems (continued)
Microkernel does not include scheduler and memory
handler
They execute as servers

#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

23

3)Microkernel-Based Operating
Systems (continued)

OSs using first-generation microkernels


suffered up to 50% degradation in
throughput
L4 microkernel is second-generation
Made IPC more efficient by eliminating validity/rights
checking by default, and by tuning microkernel to
HW
Only 5% degradation

Exokernel merely provides efficient multiplexing


of hardware resources
Distributed resource management
Extremely fast
#Sushanth KJ|Faculty.ECE|BIT,
M'lore

24

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