CONTROL VOLUME AND SYSTEM REPRESENTATIONS

Two approaches through which governing laws can be

applied to a fluid
Control Volume Approach
System Approach
System is a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the
same atoms or fluid particles), which may move, flow and
interact with its surroundings
Control Volume is a volume in space (a geometric entity,
independent of mass) through which the fluid may move

In fluid mechanics difficult to identify and keep track of a

specific quantity of matter
Finding the forces acting on a fan, airplane or automobile by
air flowing past the object is more important than the
information obtained by following a given portion of air
1
(system) as it flows along control volume approach

Fixed control volume

Fixed or moving control volume

Deforming Control Volume

Fixed or moving
2

System or Lagrangian description we follow the fluid and

observe its behaviour as it moves about
Control volume or Eulerian description we remain stationary
and observe the fluids behaviour at its location

If a moving control volume is used, it virtually never moves

with the system the system flows through the control
volume
All of the governing laws are stated for system approach
The mass of a system remains constant
The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to
the sum of all the forces acting on the system

THE GOVERNING LAWS OF FLUID MOTION ARE STATED IN

TERMS OF FLUID SYSTEMS, NOT CONTROL VOLUMES
3

Differences between dm sys

dt

dm sys

and

dmcv
dt

Time rate of change of mass within the system

dmcv
0
dt

Time rate of change of mass within the control

4
volume decreases with time

dt

THE REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

There is a need to describe the laws governing fluid motion
using both system concepts (consider a given mass of the
fluid) and control volume concepts (consider a given volume)
An analytical tool from shifting from one representation to
the another Reynolds Transport Theorem

Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem

control volume stationary volume within pipe between

sections 1 & 2
At time t, SYS = CV
At time t+ t,

SYS = CV I + II

II outflow from the control volume from time t to t + t

6
I inflow into the control volume from time t to
t + t

B EXTENSIVE PARAMETER OF THE SYSTEM

AT TIME t,

B sys t Bcv t

AT TIME t+t,

B sys
t

B sys t t Bcv t t B I t t B II t t

B sys t t B sys t B cv t t B I t t B II t t B sys t

t
t

Bsys
t
Bsys
t

Bcv t t B I t t B II t t Bcv t

t
Bcv t t Bcv t B I t t
BII t t

t
t
t

b dV
B t t Bcv t
Bcv

Lim cv

cv
t
t
7t
t 0

BII t t 2 b2 A2 V2 t

B II t t
B
2 A2 V2 b2
out Lim
t
t 0
BI t t 1 b1 A1 V1 t

B Lim B I t t A V b
in
1 1 1 1

t
t 0

DBsys
Dt

DB sys
Dt

Bcv

B out B in
t

Bcv

2 A2 V2 b2 1 A1 V1 b1
8
t

DBsys
Dt

Bcv

B out B in
t

Reynolds Transport Theorem is valid under the following

assumptions
Fixed control volume with one inlet and one outlet
Uniform properties (density, velocity, and the parameter b )
across the inlet and outlet
Velocity is normal to sections 1 and 2

Control volume and system for flow through an arbitrary,

fixed control volume

B out

- Net flowrate of the property B from the control volume

Addition of the contributions through each infinitesimal aera

element of size A on the portion of the control surface
dividing region II and the control volume. This10surface - CSout

Amount of the property B carried across the area

element A in the time interval t

B bV b V cos t A

The rate at which B is carried out of the control volume

across the small area element A
bV
bV cost
B out Lim
Lim
A bV cosA
t
t 0 t
t 0
By integrating over the entire outflow portion of the
control surface
B outCS
out dB out bV cos dA
csout

csout

11

B out

dB out

csout

bV cos dA

csout

The quantity Vcos is the component of the velocity

normal to the area element A.

V cos V . n

B out

bV .ndA

csout

12

By considering the inflow portion of the control surface, Cs in

The inflow rate of B into the control volume

B in bV cos dA bV .ndA
c sin

c sin

13

points out from the control volume

-90o < < 90o for outflow regions, the normal component of V
is positive;

V .n is POSITIVE
90o < < 270o for inflow regions, the normal component of V
is negative;

V .n is NEGATIVE

14

The Net Flux (Flowrate) of Parameter B Across The Control

Surface Is

bV ndA bV ndA

csout
c sin

B out B in

DBsys
Dt

DB sys
Dt

bV ndA
cs

Bcv

B out B in
t

cv

bdV

bV ndA

cs

15

I = Ia + Ib+ Ic+

II = IIa + IIb+ IIc+

16

Lagrangi
an
descripti
on
System
Analysis

D/Dt

Eulerian
descripti
on

RTT

Control
volume
analysis

Reynolds Transport theorem deals with finite size control

volumes
Material derivative deals with infinitesimal fluid particles
BOTH HAVE LOCAL PART AND CONVECTIVE
17
PART

FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS

Fluid mechanics require analysis of the behavior of
the contents of a finite region in space
anchoring force required to hold a jet engine in
place during test
amount of time to allow for complete filling of a
large storage tank
power required to move water from location to
Control
volume
another at
a higherrelations
elevation are derived from
equations representing basic laws applied to a
system REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

18

CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY

EQUATION
TIME RATE OF CHANGE
OF SYSTEM MASS =
ZERO
DM sys

Dt
DB sys
Dt

bdV

cv

B = mb; B = mass; b =1

bV ndA

cs

dV V ndA 0

t
cv

Time rate of
change of the
mass of the
coincident
system

cs

Time rate of
change of the
mass of the
contents of the
coincident

Net rate of flow

of
mass
through
the
control
surface
19

Steady
Flow

dV 0

cv

V ndA Product of the component of the

cs

V n
V n
n

velocity V, perpendicular to small

portion of the control surface,
differential area Mass flow rate
Positive
for the
through
dA flow out of the control
volume
Negative for the flow into the control
volume

Considered positive when it is pointing out of the

control volume

V ndA m out m in

cs

Integral is positive net flow is out of the control

20
volume

m V ndA
A

Incompressible flow - is distributed uniformly

over area A

m AV

Average value of the component of velocity normal to

the section area involved

V ndA

VA

If the velocity is uniformly distributed (one dimensional

flow) over the section A, then

V ndA

VA

21

FIXED AND NON-DEFORMING CONTROL VOLUME

Seawater flows steadily through a simple conicalshaped nozzle at the end of a fire hose as
illustrated in Fig. If the nozzle exit velocity must
be at least 20 m/s. determine the minimum
pumping capacity required in m3/s.

22


dV V ndA 0
t cv
cs

dV
t cv

Zero flow is steady

V ndA m 2 m 1 0

cs

m 2 m 1
Q1 = Q2 = V2A2

Density is constant

3 2
3
20 40 10
0.0251 m / s
4
23

Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a

dehumidifier at the rate of 324 kg/hr. Liquid water
drains out of the dehumidifier at a rate of 7.3 kg/hr
Determine the mass flowrate of the dry air and the
water vapor leaving the dehumidifier. A simplified
sketch of the process is provided in Fig.

m 1 324 kg / hr

m 3 7.3 kg / hr
24


dV V ndA 0
t cv
cs

dV
t cv

Zero flow is steady

V ndA m 1 m 2 m 3 0

cs

m 2 m 1 m 3 324 7.3 316.7 kg / hr

The answer is same regardless of which control
volume is chosen. If we select the control volume
as before except that we include the cooling coils
to be within the control volume

m 2 m 1 m 3 m 4 m 5 and m 425 m 5

Incompressible laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe

having radius R as in Fig. At section (1), the velocity profile
is uniform; the velocity is equal to constant value U and is
parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the
velocity profile is axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero
velocity at the pipe wall and a maximum value of u max at the
center line. How are U and umax related ? How are the
average velocity at section (2) and maximum velocity related.

dV V ndA 0

t
cv

cs

26

 V ndA

cs

1 A1 U 2 V ndA2 0
cs

2 V ndA2 2 u2 2 rdr
0

cs

2 V ndA2 2 2 umax
cs

2 V ndA2 2 2 umax
cs

R2 R4
r2

r 1 2 dr 2 2 umax

2
R

2 4R

R
umax R
2
4
2
2

2 umax R 2
2 V ndA2
2
cs

2 umax R 2
1 A1 U 2 V ndA2 0 1 A1 U
0
2
cs
2

u
R
max
R 2 U 2
0
2

umax
272

 2 umax R 2
2 V ndA2
2
cs

V ndA

VA

u
R
max
A V ndA
umax
2
V

A
R 2
2

umax
V
2
28

MOVING CONTROL VOLUMES

V1 velocity of the fluid which strikes the vane

Vo velocity of the moving vane
Determine the force that puts on the vane
steam, gas and hydraulic turbines
To find Reynolds Transport theorem for moving control
volumes
29

Moving control volume and system

Shape, size and orientation of control volume do not change with time
Control volume translates with constant velocity Vcv
FIXED CONTROL VOLUME

MOVING CONTROL VOLUME

Absolute velocity V that carries

Relative velocity W that carries

fluid across the fixed control

volume

fluid across the moving control

volume
30

Relative velocity is the fluids velocity relative to the moving

control volume the velocity seen by an observer riding
along on the control volume
Absolute velocity is the fluid velocity as seen by a stationary
observer in a fixed coordinate system

V = W + Vcv

In general, absolute velocity V and control volume

velocity Vcv will have different directions, hence we
31
should use VECTOR ADDITION

REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM FOR MOVING

CONTROL VOLUMES

FOR FIXED CONTROL

VOLUME

DBsys
Dt

bdV bV ndA
t cv
cs

FOR MOVING CONTROL VOLUME

Replace V by W because Relative velocity W that

carries fluid across the moving control volume

DBsys
Dt

bdV bW ndA
t cv
cs
32

Moving and non-deforming control volume

When a moving control volume is used, fluid
velocity relative to the moving control volume
(relative velocity) is important
V = W + Vcv
W relative velocity is the fluid velocity seen by
the observer moving with the control volume
Vcv velocity of the control volume as seen from a
fixed coordinate system
V Absolute velocity i.e, the fluid velocity seen by
a stationary observer in a fixed co-ordinate system

dV W ndA 0
t cv
cs

33

An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 kmph as shown in

Fig. The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.8m2 and the
entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3.
A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust
gases move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 kmph.
The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2 and the exhaust gas density
is 0.515kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine.

34


dV W ndA 0
t cv
cs

dV
t cv

Zero flow relative to the moving

control volume is considered steady

m fuel in 1 A1W1 2 A2W2 0

m fuel in 2 A2W2 1 A1W1
V2 = W2 + Vplane; W2 = V2 Vplane = 1050 + 971 =
2021 kmph
m fuel in ( 0.515 kg / m 3 )( 0.558 m 3 )( 2021 1000 / 3600 m / s )
( 0.736 kg / m 3 )( 0.8 m 3 )( 971 1000 / 3600 m / s )

m fuel in 2.5278 kg / s 35

Newtons Second Law The Linear Momentum

Equation second law of motion for
Newtons
a system
is of change of
Time rate
Sum of external
=
the
forces acting on
the system
linear momentum of the
D
system
VdV Fsys

Dt

sys

Any reference or coordinate system for which this

statement is true is called INERTIAL
Fixed co-ordinate system
Coordinate system which moves in a straight line with
constant
velocity

Fsys Fcv
36

D
Dt

VdV

sys

Time rate of
change of linear
momentum of the
system

VdV VV ndA

t
cv

cs

Time rate of
change of linear
momentum of the
contents of the
control volume

Net rate of flow

+ of linear
momentum
through the
control surface

For a control volume that is fixed (and thus inertial)

and non-deforming

VdV VV ndA Fcontents of

t cv
cs
control volume

37

Surface forces
Body forces - weight
38

Net Pressure Force on a Closed Control Surface F press p n dA

cs
UNIFORM PRESSURE

FUNIFORMPRESSURE FUP pa n dA pa n dA
cs

cs

FUP pa n dA
cs

FUP pa n dA 0
cs

This result is independent of the shape of the surface as long

as the surface is closed and all our control volumes are
closed.
Thus a seemingly complicated pressure-force39problem can be
simplified by subtracting any convenient uniform pressure

NON-UNIFORM PRESSURE

F p pa n dA
cs

F p gage n dA
cs

This trick can mean quite a saving in

computation

40

A control volume of a nozzle section has surface pressures of

2.8 atm (absolute) at section 1 and atmospheric pressure of 1
atm (absolute) at section 2 and on the external rounded part
of the nozzle as in Fig. Compute the net pressure force if D 1
= 75 mm and D2 = 25 mm.
2.8 atm
abs

1.0 atm
abs

1.0 atm
abs

1.0
bar
abs

1.8 atm
gauge

0.0 atm
gauge
0 atm
gauge
0.0 atm
gauge

F p1 A1 p2 A2

3 2
F 1.8 101325 75 10 0 A2
4
41
F 805.8 N

Determine the anchoring force

required to hold in place a
conical nozzle attached to the
end of a laboratory sink faucet
shown in Fig. when the water
flowrate is 0.6 liters. The
nozzle
mass is 0.1 kg. The nozzle inlet
and exit diameters are 16 mm
and 5 mm, respectively.
The nozzle axis is vertical and
the axial distance between
sections (1) and (2) is 30 mm.
The pressure at section (1) is
464
The kPa.
anchoring force sought is
the reaction force between the
faucet and nozzle threads. To
evaluate this force, control
volume selected includes the
nozzle
and 42 the
water
contained in the nozzle

FA

Wn

FA anchoring force that holds the

nozzle in place
Wn weight of the nozzle

p 1 A1

Ww weight of the water in the

nozzle

w1

P1 gage pressure at section (1)

A1 cross section area at section
(1)
P2 gage pressure at section (2)

Ww

p 2A2
w2

A2 cross section area at section

(2)
w1 z direction velocity at the
control volume entrance
The action of atmospheric pressure
w2 out
z direction
atand
the is
cancels
in everyvelocity
direction
not shown
control volume exit
43

Flow
is
stead
y

VdV VV ndA Fcontents of

t
control volume
cv

wV ndA

cs

FA Wn p1 A1 Ww p2 A2

cs

V n Positive for the flow out of the control

V n

volume
Negative for the flow into the control
volume

wV ndA m w m w
1

cs

m 1 w1 m 2 w2 FA

Wn p1 A1 W w p2 A2

FA m 1 w1 m 2 w 2 Wn p1 A1 W w p2 A2
44

Conservation of mass;

m 1 m 2 m

FA m w1 w 2 Wn p1 A1 W w p2 A2
m A1 w1 Q 1000 0.6 10 3 0.6 kg / s

2
3 2
4 2
A1 D1 16 10
2.011 10 m
4
4

2
3 2
A2 D2 5 10
1.964 10 5 m 2
4
4

Q
0.6 10 3
w1

2.98 m / s
4
A1 2.011 10
Q
0.6 10 3
w2

30.6 m / s
5
A2 1.964 10

45

Wn m n g 0.1 9.81 0.981 N

W w Vw g

Ww 1000

h 2
D1 D22 D1 D2 g
12

0.03
0.016 2 0.004 2 0.016 0.004 9.81 0.0278 N
12

p2 0

Atmospheric pressure

FA m w1 w 2 Wn p1 A1 W w p2 A2

FA 0.6 2.98 30.6 0.981 464000 2.011 10 4 0.0278 0

FA 16.572 0.981 93.3104 0.0278 0

FA 77.75 N
46

A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of 3 m/s

strikes a vane and is turned through a vane, and is turned through
an . Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the vane
stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects. A1 = 0.06 m2

A1V1 A2V2
A1 A2

V1 V2

47


VdV VV ndA Fcontents of

t
control volume
cv

cs

Flow is steady

uV ndA Fx

cs

wV ndA F

cs

V1 V1 A1 V1 cos V1 A2 FAx

0 V1 A1 V1 sin V1 A2 FAz

uV ndA F

cs

wV ndA F

cs

V1 V1 A1 V1 cos V1 A2 FAx A1V12 1 cos

0 V1 A1 V1 sin V1 A1 FAz V12 A1 sin

FAx A V 1 cos
2
1 1

FAz V1482 A1 sin

Water flows through a horizontal, pipe bend as illustrated in

Fig. The flow cross-sectional area is constant at a value of
0.09 m2 through the bend. The flow velocity everywhere in
the bend is axial and 15.24 m/s. The absolute pressures at
the entrance and exit of the bend are 2.07 atm and 1.66 atm,
respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x) and (y) components
of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in place
0.09m2
V = 15.24 m/s

49

FAx = 0 No net inflow

or outflow in the xdirection

uV ndA F

cs

vV ndA F
wV ndA F

cs

m 1 v1 m 2 v 2 FAy

cs

p1 A1 p2 A2

m 1 m 2 m

m v1 v 2 FAy

p1 A1 p2 A2

FAy p1 A1 p2 A2 m v1 v 2

FAy 2.07 105 1.01325 105 0.09 1.66 105 1.01325 105 0.09
1000 0.09 15.24 15.24 15.24

FAy 27104.868 N

FAz W

50

Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long,

straight portion of 100 mm inside diameter pipe as indicated
in Fig., where the uniformly distributed temperature and
pressure at each cross section are given. If the average
velocity at section (2) is 305 m/s. Assuming the uniform
velocity distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the
frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow
between sections (1) and (2).

P1 = 6.9 bar
P2 = 1.27 bar
(abs)
(abs)
T1 = 27 deg
T2 = -21 deg C
uV ndA Fx
C

cs

m 1 u1 m 2 u2 Rx

p1 A1 p2 A2

m 1 m 2 m

m u1 u2 Rx p1 A1 p2 A2

51

P1 = 6.9 bar
P2 = 1.27 bar
(abs)
(abs)
T1 = 27
deg
T2 = -21 deg C
P1
6.9 105
P2
1.27 105
3
1

8.014 kg / m
2

1.756 kg / m 3
C
RT1 287 27 273
RT2 287 21 273

m 1 m 2 m 1 A1 u1 2 A2 u2
1 u1 2 u2
A1 A2
2 u2 1.756 305
u1

66.83 m / s
1
8.014
m 1 A1 u1 8.014

u1 66.83 m / s

2
4.2064 m / s
0.1 66.83 4.2064 m / s m
4
52

m u1 u2 Rx p1 A1 p2 A2
4.2064 66.83 305 Rx 6.9 1.01325 1.27 1.01325 105
1001.84 Rx 4421.79

Rx 3420 N

53

0.12
4

A static thrust stand as sketched in Fig. is to be designed for

testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test:
Intake air velocity = 200 m/s,
Exhaust gas velocity = 500 m/s,
Intake cross-sectional area = 1 m2;
Intake static pressure = -22.5 kPa (gauge) = 78.5 kPa (abs);
Intake static temperature = 268 K;
Exhaust static pressure = 101 kPa (abs).
Estimate the nominal thrust for which to design.

54

u1 = 200 m/s,
u2 = 500 m/s,
A1 = 1 m 2 ;
P1 = -22.5 kPa (gauge)= =
78.5 kPa (abs);
T1 = 268 K;
P2 = 101 kPa (abs).

uV ndA F

1
x

P1
78.5 1000

1.021 kg / m 3
RT1
287 268

m 1 A1 u1 1.021 1 200 204.2 kg / s

cs

m 1 u1 m 2 u2 Fth

p1 A1 p2 A2

m 1 m 2 m

204.2 200 204.2 500 Fth 22.5 1000 1 0 A2

Fth 83760 N

55

LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR MOVING NON-DEFORMING

CONTROL VOLUMES (MOVING AT A CONSTANT VELOCITY)

DBsys
Dt

bdV bW ndA
t cv
cs
Fcontents of

VdV VW ndA
t cv
cs

b=V

V = W + Vcv

control volume

Zero for steady flow

W Vcv dV W Vcv W ndA Fcontents of

t cv
cs
control Volume
W Vcv W ndA WW ndA Vcv W ndA

cs

cs

cs

cs

Vcv W ndA WW ndA Vcv W ndA

steady flow
Zero for

cs

cs

WW ndA Fcontents of

cs

By continuity

control Volume

56

A vane on wheels moves with constant velocity V o when a

stream of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V 1 is turned
45o by the vane as indicated in Fig.
Determine the

magnitude and direction of the force, F, exerted by the

stream of water on the vane surface. The speed of the
water jet leaving the nozzle is 33 m/s, and the vane is moving
to the right with a constant speed of 6 m/s.
-4
2
A
=
5.6

10
m
1

0.3 m

W
57

x-direction

WW ndA R

cs

m 1 W1 m 2 W 2
z-direction

cos 45 R x

W z W ndA Rz W

cs

m 2 W2
Conservation of mass;

sin 45 Rz W

m 1 m 2 m

m 1 1 A1 W 1 ; m 2 2 A2 W 2 ;
Water flow is frictionless and that the change in water
elevation across the vane is negligible.
Therefore,
W1 = W2; W is
constant
The relative veloicty of the stream of water entering the
control volume
58
W = V V = 33- 6 = 27 m/s = W

m 1 m 2 1000 5.6 10 4 27 15.12 kg / s

m 1 W1 m 2 W2

cos 45 R x

15.12 27 15.12 27

cos 45 R x

R x 119 .6 N

m 2 W2

sin 45 Rz W

W g A1 l 1000 9.81 5.6 10 4 0.3 1.65 kg / s

15.12 27

sin 45 Rz 1.65

Rz 290.3 N
R

R x2 Rz2

Tan

1 Rz

Rx

119 .6 2 290.3 2 314 N

Tan

1 290.3

119 .6

2.43

59 67.6 o

A water jet of velocity Vj impinges normal to a flat plate which

moves to the right at velocity Vc, as shown in Fig. Find the
force required to keep the plate moving at constant velocity
if the jet density is 1000 kg/m3, the jet area is 3 cm2, and Vj
and Vc are 20 and 15 m/s, respectively. Neglect the weight of
the jet and plate, and assume steady flow with respect to the
moving plate with the jet splitting into an equal upward and
downward half jet.

60

m in m out
m in m out

61

62