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Data Com

The document discusses different types of telephone networks and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. It describes how telephone networks originally used analog circuit switching to transmit voice over local loops connected to switching offices, but now also transmit digital data. Major components include local loops connecting subscribers to central offices, trunks transmitting between offices, and switches connecting local loops and trunks. DSL technologies like ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, and VDSL transmit data over existing telephone lines at higher speeds than traditional modems by using modulation techniques tailored for different bandwidths and distances. Each type of DSL provides asymmetric or symmetric transmission speeds suited for various user needs.

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40 views

Data Com

The document discusses different types of telephone networks and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. It describes how telephone networks originally used analog circuit switching to transmit voice over local loops connected to switching offices, but now also transmit digital data. Major components include local loops connecting subscribers to central offices, trunks transmitting between offices, and switches connecting local loops and trunks. DSL technologies like ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, and VDSL transmit data over existing telephone lines at higher speeds than traditional modems by using modulation techniques tailored for different bandwidths and distances. Each type of DSL provides asymmetric or symmetric transmission speeds suited for various user needs.

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You are on page 1/ 17

DATA COMMUNICATION

Arqam Abdullah
Safir Ahmed
Bilal Qureshi

TELEPHONE NETWORK
Telephone networks use circuit switching.
The entire network, which is referred to as the plain
old telephone system (POTS), was originally an
analog system using analog signals to transmit
voice.
With the advent of the computer era, the network, in
the 1980s, began to carry data in addition to voice.
The network is now digital as well as analog.

Major Components
The telephone network, as shown in Figure 1, is made of
three major components:
Local loops
Trunks
Switching offices

The telephone network has several levels of switching


offices such as
End offices
Tandem offices
Regional offices

Figure 1

Local Loops
One component of the telephone network is the local
loop, a twisted pair cable that connects the subscriber
telephone to the nearest end office or local central
office.
The local loop, when used for voice, has a bandwidth
of 4000 Hz (4 kHz).

Trunks
Trunks are transmission media
communication between offices.

that

handle

the

A trunk normally handles hundreds or thousands of


connections through multiplexing.
Transmission is usually through optical fibers or
satellite links.

Switching Offices
To avoid having a permanent physical link between
any two subscribers, the telephone company has
switches located in a switching office.
A switch connects several local loops or trunks and
allows a connection between different subscribers.

MODEM
The term modem is a composite word that refers to
the two functional entities that make up the device:
a signal modulator
a signal demodulator.

A modulator creates a band pass analog signal from


binary data. A demodulator recovers the binary data
from the modulated signal.

DIAL-UP MODEMS
Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300
and 3300 Hz, giving them a bandwidth of 3000 Hz.
All this range is used for transmitting voice, where a great deal of
interference and distortion can be accepted without loss of
intelligibility.
In general, we can say that the signal bandwidth must be smaller
than the cable bandwidth. The effective bandwidth of a telephone
line being used for data transmission is 2400 Hz, covering the
range from 600 to 3000 Hz.
However, modem design is still based on traditional capability
(Figure 2).

Figure 2

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE


After traditional modems reached their peak data rate,
telephone companies developed another technology, DSL,
to provide higher-speed access to the Internet.
Digital sub-scriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most
promising for supporting high-speed digital communication
over the existing local loops.
DSL technology is a set of technologies, each differing in the
first letter (ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and SDSL).
The set is often referred to as xDSL, where x can be
replaced by A, V, H, or S.

ADSL
The first technology in the set is asymmetric DSL
(ADSL). ADSL, like a 56K modem, provides higher
speed (bit rate) in the downstream direction (from the
Internet to the resident) than in the upstream
direction (from the resident to the Internet).
That is the reason it is called asymmetric.
The service is not suitable for business customers who
need a large bandwidth in both directions.

Advantages and Disadvantages


Advantages
Higher speeds compared to analog
connections
The connection is always on
Possible assignment of static IP addresses
Existing POTS line can be used

Disadvantages
Higher costs compared to analog connections
May not be available at all locations

HDSL
The high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was designed as
an alternative to the T-lline (1.544 Mbps). The T-1line uses
alternate mark inversion (AMI) encoding, which is very
susceptible to attenuation at high frequencies.
This limits the length of a T-l line to 3200 ft (1 km). For longer
distances, a repeater is necessary, which means increased
costs.
A data rate of 1.544 Mbps (sometimes up to 2 Mbps) can be
achieved without repeaters up to a distance of 12,000 ft (3.86
km). HDSL uses two twisted pairs (one pair for each direction)
to achieve full-duplex transmission.

SDSL
The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one twisted-pair
version of HDSL.
It provides full-duplex symmetric communication supporting up to
768 kbps in each direction.
SDSL, which provides symmetric
considered an alternative to ADSL.

communication,

can

be

ADSL provides asymmetric communication, with a downstream bit


rate that is much higher than the upstream bit rate.
Although this feature meets the needs of most residential
subscribers, it is not suitable for businesses that send and receive
data in large volumes in both directions.

VDSL
The very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL),
an alternative approach that is similar to ADSL, uses
coaxial, fiber-optic, or twisted-pair cable for short
distances.
The modulating technique is DMT. It provides a range
of bit rates (25 to 55 Mbps) for upstream
communication at distances of 3000 to 10,000 ft.
The downstream rate is normally 3.2 Mbps.

Advantages and Disadvantages

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