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Course: Clinical Pharmacy: Application of Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Practice

1. This document discusses diabetes mellitus and provides an overview of its types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease treated through insulin injections. Type 2 is more common and treated through lifestyle changes and medications to control blood sugar. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. 2. The document outlines the signs and symptoms of diabetes which include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood glucose tests such as fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes but focuses on controlling blood sugar through insulin, medications, nutrition, exercise and lifestyle changes.

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Adil hanif
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38 views17 pages

Course: Clinical Pharmacy: Application of Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Practice

1. This document discusses diabetes mellitus and provides an overview of its types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease treated through insulin injections. Type 2 is more common and treated through lifestyle changes and medications to control blood sugar. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. 2. The document outlines the signs and symptoms of diabetes which include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood glucose tests such as fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes but focuses on controlling blood sugar through insulin, medications, nutrition, exercise and lifestyle changes.

Uploaded by

Adil hanif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application of Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Practice

Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus

Course : CLINICAL PHARMACY

Course CODE: PD-702


TEACHER: Dr. ANAB
FATIMA(PhD)
HEC APPROVED SUPERVISOR

Definition,types
Type 1 daibetes
Treatment of type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Gestational DM
Other types of DM
Signs and symptoms
Diagnostics tests
References
2

Objective

After going through the presentation


the student shall be able:
to define diabetes and its types
To identify types of daibetes.
To be aware of main sign and
symptoms
To have an idea tests for diagnosis of
diabetes.
3

DEFINITION,TYPES:

Diabetes mellitus condition that affect


body's ability to use the energy found in
food.
There are three major types of diabetes:
1. type 1 diabetes,
2. type 2 diabetes, and
3. Gestational diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes: {Insulin


Dependent/ Juvenile(child) onset}

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune


condition that damage pancreas

Causes: genetic predisposition & faulty


beta cells in pancreas

Medical risks: diabetic retinopathy,


diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy
& increased risk of heart disease.
5

Treatment

Treatment

for type 1 diabetes INSULIN

The methods of injecting insulin include:


Syringes
Insulin pens that use pre-filled cartridges and a
fine needle
Jet injectors that use high pressure air to send a
spray of insulin through the skin
Insulin pumps that dispense insulin through flexible
tubing to a catheter under the skin of the abdomen
6

continue..
Controlling Parameter:
Monitoring:

A periodic test called A1C blood test to control


diabetes

Lifestyle changes

Wt

Nutrition

exercise
7

Type 2 Diabetes: {non insulin


dependent/ adult (obese) onset}

Type -2 diabetes Insulin


resistance in cell
common & less complications
Medical risks: Diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic neuropathy, diabetic
nephropathy & increased risk of heart
disease.
8

Treatment

There is no cure for type 2 diabetes.

Controlling parameter
Monitoring:
A periodic test called A1C blood test to control
diabetes
Life style changes:
weight management, nutrition, and exercise.
Diabetic Medications

Gestational Diabetes:

Diabetes triggered by pregnancy is called gestational


diabetes pregnancy cause insulin resistance.
Often diagnosed in middle or late pregnancy Because high blood
sugar levels in a mother are circulated through the placenta to the
baby, gestational diabetes
Must be controlled to protect the baby's growth

Medical Risk
Risks to the baby
abnormal weight gain
breathing problems
diabetes risk later in life.
Risks to the mother
cesarean section req
damage to heart, kidney, nerves, and eye.
10

Other Forms of Diabetes:

A few rare kinds of diabetes can result


from specific conditions.
For example, pancreas disease,
certain surgeries and medications,
or infections can cause diabetes.
These types of diabetes account for
only 1% to 5% of all cases of diabetes.

11

Symptoms and Signs:


3 main symptoms
Polyuria - the need to urinate frequently.
Polydipsia - increased thirst & fluid intake.
Polyphagia - increased appetite.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (may be fatal)


include nausea and vomiting, Dehydration and
disturb potassium level.

12

Symptoms and Signs:


Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are often subtle and may be
attributed to aging or obesity.
Common symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes include:
Fatigue, or feeling constantly tired:
Unexplained weight loss:
Excessive thirst (polydipsia
Excessive urination (polyuria):
Excessive eating (polyphagia)
Poor wound healing
Infections
Altered mental status
Blurry vision
Large sores or ulcers on the feet or legs:

13

Diagnosis

Finger stick blood glucose:


Fasting plasma glucose:
Oral glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin or Hb A1c

14

classification of anti-diabetic medications:

15

References
source
http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/

American Diabetes Association


National Library of Medicine: "Diabetes."
National Diabetes Information
Clearinghouse (NDIC):
"National Diabetes Statistics, 2011."

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