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Damping / Pole-Zero

The document discusses damping mechanisms in systems and the relationship between poles and zeros of transfer functions. It defines damping as a mechanism that reduces oscillation amplitude over time. Systems can be undamped, critically damped, underdamped, or overdamped depending on the amount of damping. Poles and zeros describe system dynamics and are the frequencies where the transfer function becomes infinite or zero, respectively. A pole-zero plot provides a graphical representation of system poles and zeros in the s-plane.

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Anvit Tiwari
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26 views

Damping / Pole-Zero

The document discusses damping mechanisms in systems and the relationship between poles and zeros of transfer functions. It defines damping as a mechanism that reduces oscillation amplitude over time. Systems can be undamped, critically damped, underdamped, or overdamped depending on the amount of damping. Poles and zeros describe system dynamics and are the frequencies where the transfer function becomes infinite or zero, respectively. A pole-zero plot provides a graphical representation of system poles and zeros in the s-plane.

Uploaded by

Anvit Tiwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Damping / Pole-Zero

Damping: Mechanism that brings about a decrease in the amplitude


of oscillation as a result of energy being drained out of the system
(decrease in the amplitude of mechanical/electrical wave)
Undamped
Damped
Critical - Quickest approach to 0 without oscillations
Under damped Quickest approach to 0 but with a few oscillations
Over damped Slowest approach to 0 without oscillations
(sometimes may not reach 0)

Undamped System: No Damping is provided Free Oscillations


System is vibrating at its natural frequency

Damped System: Some kind of Damping is provided


Critical
Under damped
Over Damped
Critical Damping:
Minimum amount of damping that will yield a non-oscillatory output
in response to a step input Converges to 0 as fast as possible
e.g. Recoil Mechanism in guns (return to original position as soon as
possible in minimum time)
Door Closer

Under damped System : Exponentially decreasing sinusoidal output in


response to a step input
e.g.
Would close the door quickly but after a few oscillations (swings)

Over damped system: Yields(may not) a non-oscillatory output in


response to a step input, has more damping than necessary to
achieve the non-oscillatory output

Door Closes very slowly. Takes a lot of time (may not close)

Poles & Zeros


Properties of transfer function (also of D.E.) that
describe the input-output dynamics of a system
Proper Control Systems: No. of poles greater than
zeros (physically realizable)

Assume
that a transfer function is defined as a ratio of 2 polynomials

Sometimes it is convenient to factor those terms and write TF in terms


of those factors

System Zeros: All the Zis roots of equation N(s) = 0


System Poles: All the Pis roots of equation D(s) = 0
These factors are written such that
when s = Zi , N(s) becomes 0 & TF vanishes

When s = Pi, D(s) becomes 0 and value of transfer function becomes


unbounded

All coefficients of N(s), D(s) are real. Therefore all poles/zeros should
be purely real or appear in complex conjugate pairs!

Physically:
Poles and Zeros of a transfer function are the
frequencies for which the value of the transfer function
becomes infinity or zero respectively.

The values of the poles and the zeros of a system


determine whether the system is stable, and how well
the system performs.

Pole Zero Plot: Graphical representation of system dynamics


(Poles & zeros define TF or D.E. of a system)
S plane (LT plane) Continuous System

A real pole - left-half of the s-plane defines an exponentially decaying component


(far rapid decay)location; poles far from
2. A pole at the origin pi = 0 defines a component that is constant in amplitude and
defined by the initial conditions.
3. A real pole in the right-half plane corresponds to an exponentially increasing
component thus defining the system to be unstable.
4. A complex conjugate pole pair - decaying sinusoid
5. A pole pair lying on the imaginary axis, oscillatory component with a constant
amplitude determined by the initial conditions

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