Embedded System

Design
Dr. Zulfiqar H Khan
[email protected]
Lecture 1
Me?
Ph.D. from Chalmers University, Sweden
In Electrical and Computer Engineering
Major: Digital Signal and Image Processing
Ph.D. Research
Stochastic Modeling for Visual Object
Tracking and Online Learning: manifolds
and particle filters
Current Job and Research:
Project Director, Advanced Engineering &
Research Organization (AERO), Hasanabdal
Leading a Digital Control and Machine Vision
2 Research Group
 My Assumptions about You
Background in Digital Electronics Design

Programming in C

Ability to jump into technical documentation

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Course Goals
The main objective of this course is to you the
understanding and practical skills for:
The theory and practice of embedded systems
Understanding schematics and data sheets
Powering an embedded system
Producing and debugging an embedded
system
Microcontroller Atmel AVR atmega328 or 2560
series
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) architectures
Protocols (SPI and I2C) used to add peripherals
RS-232C, RS-422, infrared communication, and
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USB
Course Organization
Course Web Site: (TBDL)
Lectures:
Friday 10:30- 01:30

Textbook :
Designing Embedded Hardware, John Catsoulis,
O'Reilly, 2005, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 0-596-00755-8
Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time
Interfacing, 2nd Edition, by Jonathan W. Valvano

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Policy
No specific text book
Lecture notes, microprocessor reference
material, exercises, homework and lots of
other important information will be given
in the class
Syllabus lists some useful (but not
required) books on embedded systems
programming
Ill mention during the lecture what you
should be reading
Feel free to stop me when I talk too fast or
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too slow.
Policy
I will surely make some mistakes in
lectures / HWs / exams. Inform me about
each of these mistakes.
Keep up with the lectures.
Make sure that you understand the concepts
presented in the lecture before you go
home.
I will evaluate your understanding of the
course regularly through
In class problems/activities
Assignments
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Exams
Grading System
Coursework will be weighted as follows:
Type Percent
age
Assignments/Projects 15%
Quizzes 15%
Midterm 30%
Final Examination 40%
Total 100%

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 Administrative stuff is over

Fascinating world of Embedded systems

is waiting for you

Lets Start

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What is Embedded System
Computer systems fall into two separate
categories:
Desktop computer
Embedded computer

Embedded computers are far more numerous

than desktop systems, but far less obvious.
e.g. TVs, VCRs, DVD players, remote controls,
washing machines, cell phones, air
conditioners, game consoles, ovens, toys, and
a host of other devices

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 What is an Embedded System?
A microprocessor based system that does not
look like computer

Computing system with a non-standard

interface (often no keyboard or screen)

Often involved in sensing and control (and

may not even talk to a human)

Typically a custom system for a very specific

application
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 Embedded System
An embedded system is a special-purpose
computer designed to perform certain
dedicated functions. It is usually embedded as
part of a complete device including hardware
and mechanical parts (Wikipedia)

OR

An embedded system is one that has

computer hardware with software embedded
in it as one of its components

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Embedded System
An embedded system is nearly any
computing system (other than a general-
purpose computer) with the following
Single function
characteristics:
Typically designed to perform a predefined
function
Tightly constrained
Tuned for low cost
Single-to-fewer component based
Performs functions fast enough / real time
Consumes minimum power
Continually monitor the environment
13 (react to changes)
Embedded System Examples
Automotive applications
Braking systems
Traction control
Airbag release systems
Cruise-control

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15
Embedded System Examples
Mobile phone systems
Customer handsets and base stations

Aerospace applications
Flight-control systems
Engine controllers,
Auto-piloting systems
Passenger in-flight entertainment systems

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Embedded System Examples
Defense systems
Radar systems
Fighter aircraft flight-control systems
Radio systems
Missile guidance systems

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Recap of Electronics Concepts
necessary to understand
Embedded System

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Voltage and Current (1/2)
Current:
The flow of electrons through a conductor or a
semiconductor is known as current
Current is measured in Amperes, more
commonly called just plain Amps (with the unit
symbol "A," equation symbol "I")

Voltage:
The difference in charge between two points
that causes the current to flow
The size of this imbalance is known as the
potential difference, or voltage difference,
between two points
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Voltage and Current (2/2)
Voltage:
The unit of voltage difference is the Volt (unit
symbol "V").
The greater the voltage difference, the greater
the opportunity for current flow.

Note:
Voltage cannot exist in isolation. It always
refers to the difference between two points.
Although you will sometimes see a statement
like "the voltage at this point is...," it is taken
as given that it is relative to some common
reference point, usually ground (the zero-volt
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Analog Signals (1/4)
The voltage of a signal may vary over time, or
it may be constant . An analog signal can have
an amplitude of any voltage within a range
Figure below shows a typical analog signal:

voltage

time
Periodic Signal: If the voltage varies and it
repeats at regular interval then the signal is
called periodic signal
Period: The interval of time it takes for the
signal to repeat, is called period of signal
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Analog Signals (2/4)
Frequency:
The number of times the pattern of signal
repeats in one second is called frequency. It is
is measured in Hertz and relates to the period
as follows:
Frequency = 1 / period

Unipolar signal:
It has all positive or all
negative voltages
Bipolar signal:
22It has both positive and
AC and DC Components of Analog Signals
(3/4)
A typical analog signal will have both an AC
component and a DC component

DC component:
It is the fixed voltage of the signal
AC component :
It is a varying voltage imposed on the DC
component. The AC component is also referred
to as the peak-to-peak amplitude of a signal
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Analog Signals Power (4/4)
It is the amount of work per time (Joules per
second) and is measured in Watts (unit symbol
"W").

The equation for calculating power is simply:

P=V*I

A typical embedded computer may consume:

a few hundred mW (milliWatts) of power, or
several tens (or even hundreds) Watts of
power,
microWatts of power
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Schematics (1/7)
The schematic represents a full system design. It
is the actual drawing(s) used to generate a
Printed Circuit Board (PCB).

Signal Net & Component Representation:

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Schematics (2/7)
Pin Types:

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 Schematics (3/7)
Net labels: It shows which pins are connected
without the need for drawing every wire

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Schematics (4/7)
BUS: Related signals are routed using a bus

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Schematics (4/7)
Schematics (5/7)
Ports: It indicate that nets are connected
across multiple sheets

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Schematics (6/7)
Net Crossing:

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Schematics (7/7)
Power Ports

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Resistance (1/6)
The resistance is measured in Ohms (unit
symbol "W," equation symbol "R")

The relationship between voltage, current, and

resistance is known as Ohm's Law, and is
given by:
V=I*R

On a schematic, a 4.7 kW value is often not

written as 4.7 k, but rather as 4k7. The reason
is that it is too easy for a decimal point to be
missed. The solution is to place the multiplier
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Resistance (2/6)

"through-hole" resistors. From top to bottom,

they are 0.5 W, 0.25 W, and 0.125 W,
respectively.

34Surface-mount resistors. From left to right

Resistors (3/6)
A resistor may be used to pull up (or pull
down) a signal line to a given voltage level

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Resistors (4/6)
When resistors are connected in series, he
combined total resistance is given by the
relation:

RTOTAL = R1 + R2

Series resistors may be used to

create a voltage divider

The output voltage is given by:

36
 Resistors (5/6)
When Resistors are combined in parallel, they
will decrease the total resistance

The combined total resistance is given by the

relation:
RTOTAL = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2)
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Resistors (6/6)
A potentiometer (also known simply as a "pot,"
"trimmer," or "trim pot") is just a variable
resistor

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Capacitors (1/8)
Capacitor stores charge. Capacitance is
measured in Farads (or more formally,
"Faradays") with an equation symbol "C" and a
unit symbol "F."

Typical capacitors you will use range in value

from uF (micro-Farads) down to pF (pico-
Farads).

The relationship between current, capacitance,

and voltage is given by:
I = C * dV/dt
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where dV/dt is the rate of voltage change over
Capacitors (2/8)
The schematic symbols for capacitors are:

Unipolar capacitor has a positive lead and a

negative lead, and it must be inserted into a
circuit with the correct orientation. Failing to
do so will cause it to explode

Bipolar capacitor has no polarity

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Capacitors (3/8)
The capacitor can be used to block the DC
component of a voltage, allowing only the AC
component to pass through
Capacitor decoupling
It is common technique
used to remove electrical
noise from power supplies.
When connected in
parallel with supply, it
averages out the peaks
and troughs of the AC
component and, as a
result, removes the AC
41 ripple from the voltage
Capacitors (4/8)

In the series case, the total capacitance is

calculated by:
CTOTAL = C1 * C2 / (C1 + C2)

42In the parallel case, the total capacitance is

RC Circuits (5/8)
A resistor-capacitor combination is known as an
RC circuit, and it can take one of three forms
Form-1: Resistor and capacitor are in parallel
I=-V/R
=> dV/dt = - V / RC ( I =
C * dV/dt)

Solving with zero initial

conditions
V = e-t/RC

Time Constant: It is the time

when the output voltage is at
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37% of the maximum and is
RC Circuits (6/8)
Form-2: Resistor and capacitor are in series

I = C * dV/dt
I = (VIN - VOUT) / R
dV / dt = (VIN - VOUT) / RC
VOUT = VIN (1 - e-t/RC)

Time Constant: It is the time

when the output voltage is at
63% of the input voltage and is
simply the product of R and C
i.e. (t = R * C)
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RC Circuits (7/8)
Form-2: This form of RC circuit is also called low-
pass filter and commonly used in embedded
system
A processor or
peripheral chip has a
small amount of
input capacitance on
each input pin
This combined with
input impedance
gives an exponential
rise instead of sharp
edge
45This needs careful
RC Circuits (8/8)
Form-3: Resistor and capacitor are in series

This form is called high pass filter

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Inductors (1/3)
Inductors are passive components that are
essentially coils of conductive wire. The
schematic symbol for an inductor is:

Inductance is measured in Henries, with an

equation symbol "L" and a unit symbol "H

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RLC Circuits (2/3)
RL Circut

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RLC Circuits (3/3)
Series RLC Parallel RLC
Circuit Circuit

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Diodes
Diodes are used to allow currents to flow in one
direction and prevent currents from
"backwashing

The schematic symbol for a diode is shown.

The arrow indicates the direction of conduction
The arrow represents the anode, or positive
side
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Diodes
Useful Diode from Embedded System
Design View

Zener diodes: The voltage drop across a Zener

diode will not change as the current through it
changes. Common application is to provide a
reference voltage

Schottky diodes has a very small forward

voltage drop. Common application is
powersupply
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