TT2223/bbh

Week 12
Z-Transform

1
Introduction to z-
Transform
It is hard to analyze any sampled signal or data
in the frequency domain using s-plane (Laplaces
Transform). Analysis in z-plane is much
preferred.
The resulting transformation from s-domain to z-
domain is called z-transform.
The z-transform maps any point s = + j in the
s-plane to z-plane (r).
The relation between s-plane and z-plane is
described below :
z = esT
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Definition
A generalization of the Discrete-time Fourier
Transform
For a given sequence g[n], its z-transform G(z) is

G( z) g [
n
n ] z n

Relationship can be expressed in

g[n] G(z)

3
Definition
If the complex variable z is expressed in polar
form, z = rej,

j
G (re ) g [
n
n ]r n jn
e

Compared to DTFT,

G ( e j ) g [
n
n ] e j n

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Geometrical
interpretation of z-
transform
The point z = re is a
j
Im z
vector of length r j
from origin and an z = rej

angle with respect r

to real axis. -1 1
Re z

Unit circle : The

contour |z| = 1 is a -j
circle on the z-plane
with unity radius
5
Rational z-Transform
Ratios of two polynomial
P( z ) p0 p1 z 1 pM 1 z ( M 1) pM z M
H ( z)
D( z ) d 0 d1 z 1 d N 1 z ( N 1) d N z N
Where M and N are degree of the polynomial
Alternative representation of a rational z-Transform
( N M ) p0 z M p1 z M 1 pM 1 z pM
H ( z) z
d 0 z N d1 z N 1 d N 1 z d N

6
 Can also be written in factored form
p0 1 (1 z )
M M
1
( N M ) p0
( z )
H ( z) z 1
d 0 (1 z )
N 1 d0
N
( z )
1 1

At z = , these value are known as zeroes

At z = , these value are known as poles

7
 Example 1:
Determine the z-transform of the unit impulse :
[n] = 1, n = 0
0, n 0
Solution :
1. Use the defination of the z-transform,

{x[n]} X(z) x[n]z-n
n

1.z 0 0 1

2. The z-transform of unit impulse is 1.

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 Example 2:
Determine the z-transform of the unit step :
[n] = 1, n 0
0, n < 0
Solution :
1. Use the defination of the z-transform,

{ [ n ] } X ( z ) x[n]z
n
-n

1 1.z 1 1.z - 2 1.z -3

1 z

(1 z -1 ) z-1

which has a zero at z = 0 and a pole at z = 1

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Pole-zero Plot
A graphical Im z
representation of z- j
transform on z-plane
Poles denote by x
and -1 1
Re z

zeros denote by o

-j

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Region of Convergence
A set of value of z for which its z-transform converges
Converges if g[n]r-n is absolutely summable

| g
n
[ n ]r n
|

z-transform must always be specified with its ROC

ROC of a z-transform
Rg- < |z| < Rg+
where 0 Rg- Rg+
Fourier transform of a signal exist, if the unit circle is
within the ROC
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Properties of ROC
The ROC of the z-transform of a finite length sequence
is the entire z-plane except at z = 0 and/or z = .
The ROC of the z-transform of a right-sided sequence
(causal system) is exterior to a circle passing through
poles furthest from origin:
ROC : |z| >
The ROC of the z-transform of a left-sided sequence
(non-causal system) is the interior to a circle passing
through poles nearest from origin.
ROC : |z| <
The ROC of the z-transform of a two-sided sequence is a
ring bounded by two circles passing through two pole
with no poles inside the ring
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 Roc is bounded by Im z
locations of its poles j
The Pole-zero plot for
{[n]} with its
Re z
ROC, -1 1

|z| > 1
-j

ROC

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 Example 3
Find the z-Transform X(z) of the sequence x[n] = n[n] and the
ROC
Solution:
Apply z-Transform

{x[n]} X ( z )
n
n
[n]z n

since [n] = 1 for n 0,

X ( z ) n z n
n 0

1 1 z 1 2 z 2 3 z 3
1 z

1 1 z 1 z a
Zeroes at z = 0, and poles at z = , ROC is |z| > || 14
Commonly used z-
Transform pairs
Sequence z-Transform ROC
[n] 1 All values of z
1
[n] |z| > 1
1 z 1
1
n[n] |z| > ||
1 z 1
z 1
n [n]
n
|z| > ||
(1 z 1 ) 2

1
(n+1) n[n] |z| > ||
(1 z 1 ) 2

1 (r cos 0 ) z 1
(r cos on) [n]
n
|z| > |r|
1 ( 2r cos 0 ) z 1 r 2 z 2

1 (r sin 0 ) z 1
(rn sin on) [n] |z| > |r|
1 (2r cos 0 ) z 1 r 2 z 2
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Properties of z-
Transform

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 Example 4:
Determine the z-transform and the ROC of the
signal

x[n] [3(2 ) 4(3 )][n]

n n

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 Example 5:
Determine the z-Transform of the signal

x[n] n [n] n

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Inverse z-Transform
Transforming from z-domain (X(z)) to time-
domain (x[n])
x[n] = -1 {X(z)}
An integration of X(z) over a closed contour C in
the ROC of X(z), taken in the CCW direction

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Inverse z-Transform
Three method in evaluating z-Transform
Table Look-up method (Partial-fraction
expansion method)
Power series method (long division method)
Contour Integration method (Residue method)

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Table Look-up method
Inspection of z-Transform table
Example 6
Determine the inverse transform h[n] of

0.5 z
H ( z) 2 | z | 0.5
z z 0.25

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Partial-fraction
Expansion Method
A rational z-transform can be expressed as
P( z )
X ( z)
D( z )
If M N, X(z) is an improper fraction
If M N, X(z) is a proper fraction
where M & N is the degree of the numerator, P(z) and denominator,
D(z).

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 Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with simple poles
Let the poles of G(z) be at z = k, then
N

G( z)
1 1 z 1

where
(1 z 1 )G ( z ) z

The inverse transform,

N
g[n] ( ) n [n]
1

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Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with simple poles
Example 7:
determine the causal sequence h[n] of
z ( z 2)
H ( z)
( z 0.2)( z 0.6)

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Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with multiple pole
If the pole at z = v is a multiplicity of L, and
the remaining poles is simple, then
N L
L
i
G( z)
1 1 z
1 1 i
i 1 (1 vz )

where

i
1
L i
d L i
1 L i
( L i )!(v) d ( z )
(1 vz 1 L
) G( z) z v 1 i L

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Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Proper fraction with multiple pole
Example 8:
Determine the inverse transform x[n] of

1
X ( z) 1 1 2
(1 z )(1 z )

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Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Improper Fraction
For an improper fraction, divide P(z) by D(z) and
re-express as
M N
P1 ( z )
G ( z ) z
1

0 D( z )

where P1(z)/D(z) is a proper fraction

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Partial-fraction Expansion
Method
Improper Fraction
Example 9:
Determine the inverse z-Transform of

1 2 z 1 z 2
X ( z) | z | 1
1 1.5 z 1 0.5 z 2

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Power Series Method
Given a z-Transform X(z) with its corresponding
ROC, X(z) can be expanded into a power series of
the form

X ( z) n
c z n

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Power Series Method
Example 10:
Evaluate the inverse z-Transform of

1
z
X ( z) 1 2
(1 z )
ROC: |z| > 1

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Long Division Method
Example 11:
Determine the inverse z-transform of

1
1 2z
H ( z) 1 z 2
1 0.4 z 0.12

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Contour Integration
Method
The inverse z-transform is obtained by evaluating the contour
integral :
1
x[n]
2 C
X ( z ) z n 1dz

Using Cauchys residue theorem,

if the (k+1)-order derivative of f(z) exist and f(z) has no poles at
z = z0, then
1 d k 1
1 f ( z) If z0 is inside C
2j C ( z z0 ) k
dz (k 1)! dz k 1
z z0 ,

0, If z0 is outside C

32
Contour Integration
Method
x[n] = sum of the residue of X(z) zn-1 at all
poles inside contour C.
all poles { pi } inside C

= (
i
z pi ) X ( z ) z n 1
z pi

x[n] = 0 if there is no poles inside C

33
Contour Integration
Method
Example 12:
Determine the inverse z-Transform of

z 1
X ( z)
1 1.5 z 1 0.5 z 2

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Convolution Sum of
Finite Length Sequence
If x[n] an h[n] are two causal sequences of
length L+1 and M+1, then their z-Transform
are
X(z) = x[0] + x[1]z-1 + x[2]z-2 + + x[L]z-L
H(z) = h[0] + h[1]z-1 + h[2]z-2 + + h[M]z-M
if y[n] is obtained by convolution of x[n] and
h[n], then
Y(z) = X(z)H(z)
= y[0] + y[1]z-1 + y[2]z-2 + + y[L+M]z-(L+M)

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Convolution Sum of
Finite Length
Sequence
Example 13:

Given
x[n] = {-2, 0, 1, -1, 3} 0 n 4
h[n] = {1, 2, 0, -1} 0 n 3
Find the convolution of x[n] and h[n]
using z-transform

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The Transfer Function
An LTI Discrete-time system with an
impulse response h[n]
x[n] y[n]
h[n]

Input-output relation

y[n] h[k ]x[n k ]
k

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The Transfer Function
The input-output relation in the z-domain,
Y(z) = X(z)H(z)

where H ( z ) h[ n
n
] z n
and
Y ( z)
H ( z) is the transfer function
X ( z)

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The Transfer Function
Example 14:
Find the transfer function and the unit
impulse response of the following
sequences

1. y[n] 1
2 y[n 1] 2 x[n]
2. y[n] y[n 1] x[n] x[n 1]
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