A

Presentation On
Working Principle Of
D.C. Motors

By
VIKAS MITTAL
1
 MOTOR
Definition of Motor

Machinethatconvertsotherformsof
energyintomechanicalenergyandso
impartsmotioniscalledamotor.

2
 MOTOR
Different types of Motors
Following are some types of motor:

Pneumatic motor :
It converts pneumatic energy into mechanical
energy.

Hydraulic motor :
It converts kinetic energy of fluid into
mechanical energy.

3
 MOTOR
Different types of Motors
Engine:
It converts thermal energy into mechanical
energy.
Electric motor:
It converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Turbine:
It converts kinetic energy of water / Gas /
Steam into mechanical energy. 4
 ELECTRIC MOTOR

Machine that converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy is
called an electric motor.

5
 ELECTRIC MOTOR

TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

Depending upon the source of electrical energy,
there are two types of electric motors:

A.C. Motors :
Motor that converts alternating current energy
into mechanical energy is called A.C. motor.

D.C. Motors :
Motor that converts direct current energy into
mechanical energy is called D.C. motor.

6
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

CONSTRUCTION OF A DC
MOTOR

DC Motor Consists of Four Main Parts

1. Field Magnets
2. Armature
3. Commutator
4. Brush and Brush Gears

7
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF A DC MOTOR

8
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

1. Field system

The function of the field system is to

create a uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates. Electro-
magnets are preferred in comparison
with permanent magnets on accounts of
its greater magnetic effect and its field
strength regulation, which can be
achieved by controlling the magnetising
current.
9
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Field magnet consists of four parts given below :

1. Yoke or Frame
2. Pole cores
3. Pole shoes
4. Magnetising coils.
5. Interpoles

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF
STATOR OF A DC MOTOR10
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF A
FIELD COIL OF DC MOTOR

11
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. ARMATURE

It is a rotating part of a dc machine and is built up in

a cylindrical or drum shape. The purpose of
armature is to rotate the conductors in the uniform
magnetic field. It consists of coils of insulated wires
wound around an iron core. In addition , the most
important function of the armature is to provide a
path of very low reluctance to the magnetic flux. The
armature core is made up of high permeability silicon
steel stampings, each stamping, being separated from
its neighbouring one by thin coating of varnish as
insulation.
Armature continues.
12
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Armature continues.

The use of high grade steel is made (a) to keep

hysteresis loss low, which is due to cyclic change
of magnetisation caused by the rotation of core
in the magnetic field and (b) to reduce eddy
current in the core which are induced by the
rotation of the core in the magnetic field. By
using stampings or laminations, the path of the
eddy current is cut into several units. Each
lamination is about 0.3 to 0.6 mm thick.

13
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF AN
ARMATURE OF DC MOTOR

14
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
3. COMMUTATOR
The commutator is a form of rotating switch
placed between the armature and the external supply
source and so arranged
that it will reverse the
direction of the current
flowing through the
armature conductors
during each rotation
of the armature in
case of motor.
PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW
commutator continues OF COMMUTATOR 15
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
commutator continues

It is a very important part of a dc machine and

serves the following purpose:
1. It provides the electrical connections between
the rotating armature coils and the stationary
external circuit.
2. As the armature rotates, it performs a switching
action to change the direction of flow of current
in armature conductors so that the armature
may be able to run in the same direction
3. It also keeps the rotor or armature mmf
stationary in space.
commutator continues
16
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
commutator continues

The commutator is essentially of cylindrical

structure and is built up of wedge shaped
segments of high conductivity hard drawn
copper or drop forged copper .These
segments are insulated from each other by
thin layers of mica ( usually of 0.5 to 1.0mm
thickness) or micanite. The segments are held
together by means of two V-shaped rings that
fit into the V- grooves cut into the segments.

commutator continues
17
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

commutator continues

The winding ends are soldered with copper

lugs or risers. The risers have air space
between them so that air is drawn across the
the commutator thereby keeping the
commutator cool.

commutator continues

18
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

commutator continues

The commutator is pressed on to the armature

shaft, and the outer periphery is then
machined to provide smooth surface with
which a stationary carbon (or graphite or
copper) brush can maintain continuous
contact at the armature and commutator
rotate. Great care is taken in building the
commutator because even slight eccentricity
will cause the brushes to bounce, causing
undue sparking.
19
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

4. BRUSHES AND BRUSH GEARS

The function of brushes is send current from
external supply source to armature conductor i.e.
armature winding. Brushes are rectangular in
shape and rest on the commutator. Brushes are
manufactured in variety of compositions and
degrees of hardness to suit the commutation
requirement. They may be classified roughly as
carbon, carbon graphite, graphite, metal
graphite.

20
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF BRUSH AND

BRUSH GEARS SYSTEM OF DC MOTOR

21
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The principle upon which a dc motor works is-
If a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, mechanical force is experienced
on the conductor, the direction of which is given
by Flemings left hand rule (also called motor
rule) and hence the the conductor moves in the
direction of force.

22
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

The magnitude of the mechanical force experienced on the

conductor is given by

F = B.I.L newtons
Where, B is the flux density in teslas ( Wb/m2 )
I is the current flowing through conductor in amperes
L is the is length of conductor in meters.

In general if the conductor lies at an angle with a magnetic

field of flux density B webers/meter2 , the mechanical force
experienced on a conductor is given by

F = B.I.L. sin newtons

23

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE:

This rule states that if the thumb, forefinger and
middle finger of the left hand are stretched in such
a way that they are at right angle to each other
mutually and forefinger points towards the
direction of magnetic field, the middle finger
towards the direction of flow of current then the
thumb will point the direction of force acting on
the conductor.

24
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

MOTION

MAGNETIC
FIELD

DIRECTION
OF CURRENT

25
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING

CONDUCTOR LYING IN THE MAGNETIC
FIELD:
Tounderstandtheforceonacurrentcarryingconductor
lyinginthemagneticfield,letusseethefollowingthree
figures:
Figure(a)showstheuniformmagneticfieldbetween
thetwooppositepoles

N S
Fig.(a) Main magnetic field 26
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

In figure (b) the cross section of a conductor

carrying current in inward direction placed
between two magnets, the field being temporarily
removed, is shown. By applying the right hand
thumb rule, the direction of the field around the
conductor is found to be clockwise

Fig (b) N S

Field due to the current in the conductor

27
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

If the current carrying conductor shown in figure

(b) is placed in the magnetic field shown in figure
(a), the resultant magnetic field would be similar to
that shown in figure (c)

N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
28
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

The lines of force above the conductor are

strengthened, since they are in the same direction,
but the lines of force below the conductor are
weakened because the two fields below the
conductor are opposite in directions and hence
tends to destroy each other.

N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
29
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Magnetic lines like rubber bands have a tendency to

strengthen out and, therefore, a force is experienced
on the conductor in the downward direction, as
shown in the fig.( C ).

N S
FORCE
FIG. (c)
30
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

If the direction of current is reversed in the conductor ,

as shown in the Fig. (d), the direction of force
experienced is reversed. In this case the lines of force
above the conductor are weakened while those below
the conductor are strengthened.

FORCE

N S

Fig. (d) 31
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Hence it is observed that when a current carrying

conductor is placed at right angle to the direction of
magnetic field, a mechanical force is Experienced on
the conductor in a direction perpendicular to both the
direction of magnetic field and flow of current.

FORCE

N S

Fig. (d) 32
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Magnetic Field in DC Motor

33
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Current in DC Motor

34
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Force in DC Motor

35
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Torque in DC Motor

36
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
DC Motor Operation

37
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
COMMUTATOR ACTION IN A DC
MOTOR
In the case of dc motor, it is necessary that the
current through the coils of armature winding be
reversed as a particular coil leaves one pole (say,
north pole), crosses the neutral line and comes
under the influence next pole which is of opposite
polarity (i. e. the south pole) The operation of
commutator, that serves the above purpose, is
given below:
Consider a single turn coil, whose leads are
soldered to cummutator segment (a) and (b), each
carrying a brush as illustrated in fig shown in next
slide Commutator action continues.
38
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
COMMUTATOR ACTION IN A DC MOTOR
... .. ..
2 a 1
a b _2 b a
_ _
+ 1+ +
1 b
2
.. .. ..
I II III
39
Commutator action continues.
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Commutator action continues.

The positive side of the supply line is connected

to left hand brush and negative side to the right
side brush. In position I, the line current
arrives at the commutator segment (a), flows
through the bottom side 1 of the coil away from
the reader and the upper side 2 of the coil
towards the reader, reaches the commutator
segment (b) and flows again into the line
through the brush. The coil will tend to rotate
in clock-wise direction, as determined by
Flemings left hand rule.

Commutator action continues. 40

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Commutator action continues.
In position II, the coil is on the magnetic neutral
line; there is no contact between the commutator
segments and the brushes, there is no flow of
current through the coil. The coil crosses the
neutral line by inertia. In case of multi-turn coil,
the remaining turns of the coil will supply the
necessary torque.
In position III, the two sides of the coil, 1 and 2,
have changed poles, and the current flowing them
has reversed. The commutator segments, however,
have also changed contact with the brushes. Thus
the coil will continue to rotate in the same direction
as before, i.e. clock-wise. 41
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

BACK EMF IN A DC MOTOR AND ITS

IMPORTANCE

When the armature of motor continues to rotate due

to motoring action, the armature conductors cut the
magnetic flux and therefore emfs are induced in
them. The direction of this induced emf, known as
back emf, is such that it opposes the applied voltage.

Back emf continues..

42
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Back emf continues..

Since the back emf is induced due to the generator

action, the magnitude of it is, therefore, given by the
expression,
Back emf, Eb = ZNP ..(1.1)

60 xA
Where, is flux per pole in webers, Z is the total
number of armature conductors or coil sides on
the armature, P is the number of poles, A is the
number of parallel paths in the armature, N is the
rotational speed of the armature in rpm
43

Back emf continues..

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Back emf continues..
The equivalent circuit of a dc motor is shown in fig
below. The armature circuit is equivalent to a source
of emf, Eb in series with a resistance, Ra put across a
dc supply mains of V volts. It is evident from fig that
the applied voltage V must be Ia
large enough to balance both +
the voltage drop in armature + Eb
Ia
resistance and the back emf Ra
V
at all times i.e.
Eb
V = Eb + Ia Ra
or Ia = V-Eb .(1.2) Ia
_
_ V
Ra
Equivalent circuit of a
Back emf continues.. motor armature 44
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Back emf continues..
V = Eb + Ia Ra
or Ia = V-Eb .(1.2)
Ra Ia
Where,
+
Ia Eb
V is the applied voltage
across the armature Ra
V +
Eb is the induced voltage _ Eb
in the armature
Ia is the armature current _ Ia V
Ra is the armature resistance Equivalent circuit of a
motor armature
It is obvious from the expressions (1.1)
and (1.2) that the induced emf in the
armature of a motor, Eb 45
Back emf
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Back emf continues..

Depends among other factors upon the

armature speed and the armature current
depends upon the back emf Eb for a constant
applied voltage and armature resistance.
If the armature speed is high, back emf will be
large and therefore, armature current small. If
the speed of the armature is low, then back emf
will be less and armature current Ia will be
more resulting in development of large torque.

46
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
POWER RELATIONSHIP IN A DC MOTOR
Voltage equation for a motor is:
V = Eb + Ia Ra
Multiplying each term of the voltage equation by Ia
we get
VIa = Eb Ia + Ia2 Ra .(1.3)
The equation (1.3) is known as power equation of
the dc motor
The term VIa represents the power supplied to the
2
motor armature, Ia Ra represents the power lost
in the armature, Eb Ia represents developed in the
armature causing rotation of the armature.
Power relationship continues
47
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Power relationship continues

The power developed Eb Ia is not all available

at the shaft since some it is used to overcome the
mechanical power losses of the motor
As mentioned above the mechanical power
developed in the motor is given by

P m = Eb Ia watt (1.4)

Power relationship continues

48
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

TYPES OF DC MOTORS

Different types of dc motors are:

1. Permanent magnet dc motors

2. Separately excited dc motors
3. Series wound dc motors
4. Shunt wound dc motors
5. Compound wound dc motors

49
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

1. Permanent magnet dc motors:

It consists of an armature and one or several
permanent magnets encircling the armature.
Field coils are not usually required. However,
some of these motors do have coils wound on
the poles. If they exist,
these coils are Intended
+
only for recharging the
magnets in the event N ARMATURE S
that they loose their
strength.
_
Fig. Permanent Magnet Motor

50
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. Separately excited dc motors:
These motors have field coils similar to those of a
shunt wound dc motor, but the field coils and
armature are fed from different supply source.
In a separately excited dc motor,
Armature current, RHEOSTAT
I
Ia = Line current, IL
If
Back emf developed, +
+ +

FIELD
Eb = V I Ra DC SUPPLY
MAINS ARMATURE DC SUPPLY
- MAINS
-
-
Separately Excited dc Separately excited dc motor
motors continues. 51
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Separately Excited dc
motors continues.

Power drawn from the mains, P = VI

Mechanical power developed,
Pm = Power input to armature
- power lost in armature
= VI I2 Ra
= I (V I Ra )
= Eb I watt

52
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

3. Series wound dc motors:

As the name implies, the field coils, consisting of a
few turns of thick wires, are connected in series
with the armature as shown in the fig. The cross-
sectional of the wire for the coils has to be
fairly to carry the armature
current, but owing to large Series field +
current, the number of +
turns of wire in them DC SUPPLY

need not be large.

_MAINS ARMATURE

_
Series wound dc motors
53
DC Series Motors
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
DC Series Motors continues.
In a dc series motor,
Armature current, Ia = series field current, Ise
= Line current, IL = I (say)
Armature current, Ia = series field current, Ise =
Line current, IL = I (say)
Back emf developed, Eb = V I (Ra + Rse )
Power drawn from the mains, P = VI
Mechanical power developed,
Pm = Power input to armature
- power lost in armature
= VI I2 (Ra + Rse)
= I [V I ( Ra + Rse) ]
= Eb I watts 54
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
4. Shunt wound dc motors:
The word shunt means parallel . In these
motors , the field coils are connected in parallel
with the armature. The field winding consists of a
large number of turns of thin
wire so as to provide
Ish
large resistance. IL

The field current is + Ia Ish

Shunt field
much less than the DC SUPPLY
armature current, _MAINS ARMATURE
sometimes as low as 5%. _
Shunt wound dc motors
DC Shunt Motors continues. 55
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
DC Shunt Motors continues.

The current supplied to the motor is divided into

two paths, one from the field winding and second
through the armature i.e.
Input line current, IL = Ia + Ish
Where Ia is the armature current and Ish is the
shunt field current and is given by where V is the

supply voltage, Rsh is the shunt field

resistance
Ish = V
Rsh
DC Shunt Motors continues. 56
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
DC Shunt Motors continues.

Back emf developed, Eb = V I Ra

Power drawn from the mains, P = VIL
Mechanical power developed,
Pm = Power input to armature
- power lost in armature
= VIL V Ish - I2a Ra
= V( IL Ish ) - I2a Ra
= V Ia- I2a Ra = Ia( V Ia Ra )
57
= Eb Ia watt
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

5. Compound wound dc motors:

Compound wound motors are of two

types namely cumulative compound
motor wound and differential
compound wound motor.

58
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Cumulative compound wound motor:

in this motor field winding are connected in such a

way that the direction of flow of current is same in
both the field windings as shown in fig. In the
motor of this type the flux due to
the series field winding
strengthens the SERIES FIELD
field due to the IL Ish
shunt field Ish
+ Ia
winding. +

Shunt field
DC SUPPLY ARMATURE
_ MAINS
_
59
Cumulative compound wound motor
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Differential compound wound motor:

In this motor field winding are connected in such a
way that the direction of flow of current is opposite
to each other in both the field
windings as shown in
fig. In the motor of SERIES FIELD

this type the flux IL

Ish
due to the series + Ia
field winding DC SUPPLY
IL
+ Ish

Shunt field
weakens the field _MAINS ARMATURE
due to the
shunt field winding. _
60
Differential compound wound motor
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
SPEED EQUATION OF DC MOTOR
As already in the expression for back emf
developed in the armature of a dc motor is given
by the expressions
Eb = Z N P volts (1)
60xA
and Eb = V Ia Ra volts (2)
comparing expressions (1) and (2) , we get
Z N P = V Ia Ra
60xA

or N = V Ia Ra x 60A
Z P 61
Speed equation of dc motor continues
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Speed equation of dc motor continues

or N V Ia Ra

Since Z, A and P are constant for a particular

machine.
Now in the above expression for speed, voltage V
is constant and the armature drop Ia Ra is
negligible compared to supply voltage V .
Therefore, the speed of the motor is inversely
proportional to the flux per pole i.e. the speed of
the motor increases with the fall in flux.
62
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

TORQUE
The measure of causing rotation of the wheel or
the turning or twisting moment of a force about
an axis is called the torque.
Torque is measured by the
product of force and the ROTATION
radius at which this force
acts.
r

Torque continues..
F64
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Torque continues..

Consider a wheel of radius r meters acted by

circumferential force F newtons, as shown in the
fig. Below. Let this force cause the wheel to
rotate at n rps
Torque, T = F x r newton metres

Work done per revolution

= Force x distance moved
= F x 2 r joules
Work done per second
= F x 2r x n
= F x rx2n
= T x 2 n joules 65
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
ARMATURE TORQUE OF A DC MOTOR
Let Ta be the torque developed in newton metres
by the motor armature running at n rps
Power developed = Work done per second
= Ta x 2 n watts ..(1)
Electrical equivalent of mechanical power
developed by the armature also
= Power input to armature
armature resistance loss
= V Ia- I2a Ra
= Ia( V Ia Ra )
= Eb .Ia watt .(2)
Armature torque continues.66
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Armature torque continues.
Comparing expressions (1) and (2), we get

Ta x 2 n = Eb Ia = Z N P x Ia
60xA

=Znx P x Ia

( since ZN x P =Zn x P
60 A A
( as n = N
60 67
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Armature torque continues.
or Ta = 1 x Z x P x Ia N-m
2 A

= 0.159 Z P Ia N-m
x

A
since Z, P and A are constant for a particular
machine

therefore Ta Ia
i.e. torque developed by armature is proportional
to the product of flux per pole and armature
current.
Armature torque continues.
68
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Armature torque continues.

In case of series wound motor is proportional

to Ia ( before saturation) because current in
field winding and armature winding is same and

therefore Ta Ia2

In case of shunt wound motor is practically

constant and
therefore Ta Ia 69
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
MOTORS
The performance and, therefore, suitability of a
dc motor is determined from its characteristics
known as performance characteristics. The
important characteristics of dc motors are:

1. Torque Armature Current Characteristic. This

characteristic curve gives relation between
torque developed in armature, T and armature
current, Ia. This is also known as electrical
characteristic. 70
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. Speed - Armature Current Characteristic. This
characteristic curve gives relation between speed,
N and armature current, Ia. This is also known
as speed characteristic.
3. Speed - Torque Characteristic. This
characteristic curve gives relation between speed,
N and torque, T. This is also known as
mechanical characteristic
The important relations to be kept in mind while
discussing motor characteristics are:
(i) Ia = V Eb (ii) N Eb
Ra
and (iii) T Ia 71
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SREIES
MOTORS
1. Magnetic characteristic.
In case of dc series motors the flux varies with the
variation in armature current
as the field is in series with
armature. The flux first
saturation FLUX
increases following in linear

FLUX IN Wb
point
law with the increase in
load current, becomes
maximum at saturation
point and finally
becomes constant. ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
Magnetic characteristic DC series 72
motor
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. Speed Current Characteristic of DC
Series Motor.
From the expression for speed, N V Ia Ra

it is obvious that speed is directly proportional to
applied voltage and inversely proportional to flux
per pole. If the applied voltage remains constant,
speed is inversely proportional to flux. So if a
curve is drawn between reciprocal of the flux and
current I, the speed current characteristic is
obtained, which is a rectangular hyperbola in
shape as shown in fig. in next slide.
73
Speed Current characteristic DC series motor continues
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Speed Current characteristic DC series motor continues

Since on no load the speed is dangerously high,

As obvious from speed current characteristic
curve, which will result in heavy centrifugal
Force which in turn will ]
damage the motor.

SPEED IN RPM
That is why, series
motors are never
started on No-load

ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS

Speed Current characteristic DC series motor 74

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
3. Torque Current Characteristic of dc series
motor:
From the expression of mechanical torque T Ia ,
it is obvious that torque is directly proportional to the
product of flux per pole and armature current Ia.
up to saturation point flux is
proportional to field current
and hence to the armature

TORQUE IN N - m
current, because Ia = If .
Therefore on light load
mechanical torque T is
proportional to the square
of the armature current ARMATURE CURRENT
i.e. Ta Ia2 and IN AMPS
75
Torque Current Characteristic of dc series motor continues.
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Torque Current Characteristic of dc series motor continues.

and hence curve drawn between Torque and

armature current is a parabola as shown in the
fig. After saturation point flux is almost
independent of excitation current and so torque
is directly proportional to the armature current
i.e. T Ia .
Hence the characteristic becomes a straight line.

76
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
4. Speed Torque Characteristic of dc series
Motor:
Fig below shows the speed torque characteristic of
a dc series motor. It is obvious from the fig below
that as the torque increases speed decreases.
Hence series motors are
best suited for the
services where the

SPEED IN RPM
motor is directly
coupled to the load
such as fans whose
speed falls with
increase in torque. TORQUE IN N - m
77
Fig. Speed - torque Characteristic of dc series motor
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor:
If the voltage V is kept constant the field current will
remain constant hence flux will have maximum value
on no-load but will decrease
slightly due to armature
reaction as the load increases

SPEED IN RPM
but for most purpose the
flux is considered to be
constant, neglecting the
effect of armature reaction.
ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
Speed Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor continues 78
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Speed Current characteristic of dc Shunt motor continues

From the expression of speed for a dc motor,

N V Ia Ra or Eb

speed N is directly proportional to back emf, Eb or
( V Ia Ra ) and inversely proportional. Since flux is
considered to be constant as mentioned above, so
with the increase in load current the speed slightly
falls due to increase in voltage drop in armature.
Since voltage drop in armature at full load is very
small as compared to applied voltage so drop in
speed from no-load to full load is very small and for
all practical purposes the shunt motor is taken as a
constant speed motor 79
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. Torque Current Characteristic of a dc Shunt Motor :
From the expression for the torque of a dc motor,
T Ia , the torque is directly proportional to the
product of flux per pole and the armature
current. Since in case of
shunt motor the flux is
considered to be constant,

TORQUE IN N- m
therefore, torque increases
with the increase in load
current following linear
law i.e. torque -armature
current characteristic is a ARMATURE CURRENT
IN AMPS
straight line passing
through origin as shown in fig. Speed - Current Characteristic of
dc shunt motor
80
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

3. Speed - Torque Characteristic of a dc Shunt

Motor:
This characteristic curve can be drawn from the two
other curves i.e. speed current curve
and torque current curve
and is shown in the
fig.

SPEED IN RPM

Speed - Current Characteristic of TORQUE IN N - m 81

dc shunt motor
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND
WOUND MOTORS
Speed Characteristic of a dc Cumulative Compound
Wound Motor:
The characteristics of a the cumulative compound
wound motor are the combination of shunt and series
characteristics. As the load is increased, flux due to
series field winding increases, and cause the torque
greater than it would have with shunt field winding
alone for a given machine and for a given current.
The increase in flux due to series field winding on
account of increase in load causes the speed to fall
more rapidly than it would have done in shunt motor.
The characteristics are shown in the fig given below 82
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Characteristic of a dc Cumulative Compound

Wound Motor:

SHUNT
CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE

TORQUE IN N - m
SPEED IN RPM

SHUNT

ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE CURRENT

IN AMPS IN AMPS

Characteristics of Cumulative Compound Wound Motors 83

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Characteristic of a dc Differential
Compound Wound Motor:
In differential compound wound motors, the series
field winding is connected in such away that the
series field opposes the shunt field while in
cumulative compound wound motor series field
helps the shunt field. Since the flux decreases with
the increase in load so the speed remains nearly
the constant as the load is increased and in some
cases the speed will increase even.

Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound Wound Motor

continues
84
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound

Wound Motor continues..

The decrease in flux with the increase in load

causes the torque to be less than that of shunt
motor. The characteristics are similar to
those of a shunt motor. Since the shunt motor
develops a good torque and almost constant
speed, therefore, differential motor is seldom
used.

85
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Characteristic of a dc Differential Compound

Wound Motor:

DIFFERENRIAL

SHUNT

TORQUE IN N - m
SHUNT
SPEED IN RPM

DIFFERENRIAL

ARMATURE CURRENT ARMATURE CURRENT

IN AMPS IN AMPS

86
Characteristics of Differential Compound Wound Motors
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOTRS

MEANING OF SPEED CONTROL:
Speed control means intentional change of the
drive speed to a value required for performing
the specific work process. The concept of speed
control or adjustment should not be taken to
include the natural change in speed which occurs
due to change in load on the drive shaft. Speed
can be controlled manually by operator or by
some automatic control device.

87
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

SPEED CONTROL BY MECHANICALS :

Speed can be adjusted mechanically by means of

stepped pulleys, sets of change gears, variable
speed friction clutch mechanism and other
mechanical devices. But the electrical speed
control has many economical as well as
engineering advantages over mechanical speed
control.

88
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
SPEED CONTROL BY ELECTRICAL
METHOD:
Expression of speed for a dc motor,
N = k V Ia ( R + Ra )

The above expression reveals that the speed
can be controlled by adjusting any one of the
three factors appearing on the right hand side
of the expression:
Applied voltage to the armature terminals, V
(ii) External resistance in the armature circuit, R
(iii) Flux per pole,
89
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
1.Field Control Method For DC Shunt Motor:

In this method speed variation is accomplished by

means of a variable resistance inserted in the series
with the shunt field. The power wasted in the
controlling resistance
FIELD RHEOSTATE
is very small as the
field current I L
Ia + Ish
is very small. +
V _ ARMATURE SHUNT
FIELD

Fig. _
Field Control Method
For DC Shunt Motor 90
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Field Control Method For DC Shunt Motor continues

Since in this method of speed control the flux can

only be reduced (not increased) so the speed only
above the normal one can be obtained. The speed
is minimum at the maximum value of flux
and the speed is maximum
at the minimum value of WEAK FIELD-2

flux. The high speed limit WEAK FIELD-1

is also restricted due to
mechanical consideration SPEED
NORMAL FIELD

as the centrifugal forces

are set up at high speed
TORQUE

91
Fig. Speed Torque Characteristics of Shunt Motor With Field Control
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOTRS

2. Armature Control Method For DC

Shunt Motors :
This method consists of a variable resistance
connected in series with the armature as
shown in the fig in next slide. The speed at the
full load may be reduced any desired value
depending on the amount of resistance. With
this method the voltage across the armature is
lower than the line voltage.

Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors continues

92
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Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors continues

NO RESISTANCE
Ia
IL Ish
CONTROL

+
RESISTANCE

SPEED
SHUNT WITH RESISTANCE
_V ARMATURE
FIELD

_
TORQUE

Fig. Armature Control Method For DC Shunt Motors

93
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SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERIES
MOTORS:
Speed of dc series motor may be obtained
through either armature or field control.
1. ARMATURE CONTROL METHODS FOR DC
SERIES MOTORS: CONTROL
RESISTANCE
SERIES
FIELD

(i) Armature resistance

control For DC +
Series Motors: +
_V ARMATURE
Fig.
Armature Resistance
Control For DC Series Motors _
94
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
2. FIELD CONTROL METHOD FOR DC
SERIES MOTORS:

(i) Field diverter method of Speed Control For

dc Series Motors: SERIES
FIELD Ise
I

I div DIVERTOR

+ +
_V

ARMATURE

_
96
Fig. Field diverter method of Speed Control For dc Series Motors
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
(ii) Tapped Field Control Method For Speed Control
of DC Series Motors:
TAPPED SERIES
FIELD
+
I +
ARMATURE V

_
I _
Fig. Tapped Field Control Method For
Speed Control of DC Series Motors
97
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POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR

The basic function of dc motor is to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Whole of the input energy is not converted
into useful output energy but a part of the
input energy is converted into heat and the
same is lost. The basic power equation for a
motor is
P input = P output + P losses

Power losses of dc motor continues..

98
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POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR

Power losses of dc motor continues..

The power losses in a dc motor consist of

input power that is converted into heat.
These losses are divided into

(i) Copper losses or electrical losses

(ii) Iron or magnetic losses
(iii) Mechanical losses

99
Power losses of dc motor continues..
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR

Power losses of dc motor continues..

1. Copper or Electrical Losses:

Copper or electrical losses include power
wasted in armature winding, series field,shunt
field interpole field brush contacts
Armature copper losses = I2aRa
Shunt Field Copper losses = I2sh Rsh
Series Field Copper Losses = I2se Rse
Power losses of dc motor continues..
100
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Power losses of dc motor continues..

2. Iron or Magnetic Losses:

These losses are also called core losses and include the
hysterisis and eddy current losses
(a) Hysterisis Losses P h = ( B max ) 1.6 .f .V
watts
(b) Eddy Current losses P e = K e . B max. f 2 V
t2 watts
where = Steinmetz hysterisis coefficient,
V =Volume of core in cubic meters ,
f = Frequency of the magnetic cycles
per second
t = Thickness of core steel laminations
B max. = Maximum flux density 101
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Power losses of dc motor continues..

Value of Steinmetz hysterisis coefficient, for:

Good dynamo sheet steel = 502 J/m3 ,

Silicon steel = 191 J/m3,

Hard cast steel = 7040 J/m3,

Cast steel = 750 3000 J/m3,

102
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POWER LOSSES IN A DC MOTOR

Power losses of dc motor continues..

3. Mechanical Losses in a DC Motor:

These losses consist of power loss due to friction

of bearings, air friction or windage and are
caused by the motion of the moving parts.

Power losses of dc motor continues..

103
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
SUMMERY OF POWER LOSSES IN A DC
MOTOR
Armature copper loss

Copper losses

Useful Output Field copper losses

Input
Hysterisis loss
Total losses Iron losses

Eddy current loss

Friction loss

Mechanical losses

Windage loss
104
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EFFICIENCY OF A DC MOTOR

The ratio of useful output to the total input is

called the efficiency of the machine is expressed as
= Output = Input - total losses
Input Input

= Output

Output + total losses

105
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

APPLICATION OF DC MOTORS

1. Application of DC Series Motors:

As observed from the different characteristics for dc

series motor, these motors are suitable where high
starting torque is required such as , electric traction,
Hoists, trolleys, cranes, gears drives.
DC Series motors have dangerously high speed at
no-loads. So these motors are not suitable for the
services where the load may be entirely removed and
also these motors are not suitable for belts drives.
Applications of dc motors continues..
112
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
APPLICATION OF DC MOTORS
Applications of dc motors continues..
2. Application of DC Shunt Motors:
As observed from the different characteristics for dc
shunt motors, these motors have almost constant speed
and due to this feature these motors are suitable where
constant speed is required in wide range of load such as,
lathe machines, milling machines, conveyors line shafts
etc. These are also useful where medium starting torque
is required such as boring machines, blowers, fans,
conveyors centrifugal pumps, shapers, spinning and
weaving machines, machine tools, printing presses DC
shunt motors are not suitable for use with flywheel
or with fluctuating loads services.
Applications of dc motors continues..
113
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Applications of dc motors continues..
3. Application of DC cumulative Compound
Motors:
As observed from the different characteristics for dc
cumulative compound motors, these motors are used
in driving machines which are subjected to sudden
applications of heavy loads such as occur in rolling
mills, punching and shearing machines, lifts, mine-
hoist. These motors are also used where high starting
torque is required but series motors cannot be
employed conveniently such as cranes and elevators.
These motors are not suitable for applications
requiring adjustable speed for field control
Applications of dc motors continues.
114
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
APPLICATION OF DC MOTORS
Applications of dc motors continues..

4. Application of DC differential Compound

Wound Motors:
In differential compound wound motors, since series
field opposes the shunt field, the resultant flux
decreases with the increase in load; thus the machine
runs at a higher speed than it would do as a shunt
motor. The decrease in flux with the increase in load
causes the torque to be less than that of a shunt
motor. So such motors are rarely used in practice as
the differential arrangement causes difficulties
during overloads and starting. 115
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

SPECIFICATIONS OF DC MOTORS

Specifications of dc motors are shown on the

specification plate of the motors. The meaning
of different specifications of Kirloskar make
dc motor as:

Specification of DC Motors continues.

116
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Specification of DC Motors continues.

KW / HP - Maximum power output of the

motor
VOLTS Rated Armature Voltage
AMPS - Rated motor output current
DUTY S1 for continuous operation
S4 for intermittent operation
RPM - XXX / XXX

Maximum Speed
Base Speed
117
Specification of DC Motors continues.
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Specification of DC Motors continues.
Frame:
K X B DC XXX - X
SX / MX / LX (Core length in mm)
100250 ( Centre height in mm)
DC Motor
B for flange mounting
None for foot mounting
L for IC 01, 06, 17, 37
S for IC 0041
H for IC 0666
W for IC W37, A86
Make - Kirloskar
118
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Specification of DC Motors continues.

WDG Connections Scheme of Winding of motor

EXC. V - Field Excitation Voltage
EXC. A Field Excitation Current
INS. CL. Insulation class used in winding
FWR Field Winding Resistance
AMB Ambient or room temperature

GD2 - Moment of inertia

Specification of DC Motors continues.
119
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
Specification of DC Motors continues.

IP Type of Enclosure, IP21, IP22, IP23, IP44

(i) IP21: Screen protected
(ii) IP22: Screen protected drip proof
(iii) IP23: Screen protected splash proof
(iv) IP44: Totally enclosed duct ventilated

IC Type of Cooling , IC06, IC17, IC37

(i) IC06: Motor mounted blower and free
outlet
(ii) IC17: Cooling air inlet via duct, free
outlet
(iii) IC37: Cooling air inlet and outlet via
ducts 120
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Specification of DC Motors continues.

BRG: CE Bearing at commutator end

NCE Bearing at non commutator end

Air Flow Amount of Air required for the

cooling of Motor

121
THANKS..

122