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Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Lines: Input Load

This document discusses the electrical characteristics of transmission lines. It defines key terms like characteristic impedance and explains that transmission lines can be modeled as networks of inductors and capacitors. It describes how the characteristic impedance of a line depends on factors like the spacing between conductors and the dielectric material. Formulas are provided to calculate the characteristic impedance for two-wire and coaxial lines based on their physical properties.

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Mohamed Ahmed Gutale
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36 views

Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Lines: Input Load

This document discusses the electrical characteristics of transmission lines. It defines key terms like characteristic impedance and explains that transmission lines can be modeled as networks of inductors and capacitors. It describes how the characteristic impedance of a line depends on factors like the spacing between conductors and the dielectric material. Formulas are provided to calculate the characteristic impedance for two-wire and coaxial lines based on their physical properties.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Ahmed Gutale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Characteristics of

Transmission Lines
The end of two wire transmission line that is
connected to a source is called the generator end or
input end.
The other end of the line, if connected to a load, is
called the load end or receiving end.
Electrical characteristic of two-wire transmission line
depend primarily on the construction of the line.
Since the two-wire line can be viewed as a long
capacitor, the change of its capacitive reactance will
be noticeable as the frequency applied to it is
changed.
Since the long conductors will have a magnetic field
about them when electrical energy is being passed
through them, the properties of inductance will also
be observed.
The values of the inductance and capacitance
present depend on various physical factors, and the
effects of the lines associated reactance also
depend on the frequency applied.
Since no dielectric is perfect(electron will manage to
move from one conductor to the other through the
dielectric), there will be a conductance value for
each type of two-wire transmission line.
This conductance value will represent
the value of current flow that may
expected through the insulation.
If the line is uniform (all values equal
at each unit length), one small
section of the line may be
represented as shown in figure a.
Such a diagram may represent
several feet of line.
Fig. a
In many applications, the values of
conductance and resistance are
insignificant and may be neglected.
If they are neglected, the circuit will
appear as shown in figure b.

Fig.
Notice that this circuit is terminated
with a resistance that represents the
impedance of the infinite number of
sections exactly like the section of
line under consideration.
The termination is considered to be a
load connected to the line.
Characteristic
Impedance
A line infinitely long can be represented by an
infinite number of inductors and capacitors.
If a voltage is applied to the input terminals of the
line, current would begin to flow.
Since there are an infinite number of these sections
of line, the current would flow indefinitely.
If the infinite line were uniform, the impedance of
each section would be the same as the impedance
offered to the circuit by any other section of line of
the same length.
Therefore, the current would be of some finite value.
If the current flowing in the line and
the voltage applied across it are
known, the impedance of the infinite
line would be determined by using
Ohms law.
This impedance is called Characteristic
Impedance of the line.
The symbol used to represent the
characteristic impedance is Z0.
If by some means the characteristic
impedance of the line were
measured at any point on the line, it
would be found that it would be the
same.
The characteristic impedance is
sometimes called the Surge
Impedance.
Characteristic Impedance
Calculation
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The value of Z0 depends on the ratio of the
distributed inductance and the capacitance in
the line.
An increase in the separation of wires increases
the inductance and decreases the capacitance.
This effect takes place because the effective
inductance is proportional to the to the flux that
may be established between the two wires.
If the two wires carrying current in opposite
directions are placed farther apart, more
magnetic flux is induced between them.
They cannot cancel their magnetic effects as
completely as if the wires were closer
together, and distributed inductance increase.
The capacitance is lowered if the plates of the
capacitor are more widely spaced.
Thus, the effect of increasing the spacing of
the two wires is to increase the characteristic
impedance, because the L/C ratio is increased.
Similarly, a reduction in the diameter of the
wires also increases characteristic impedance.
The reduction in the size of the wires affects the
capacitance more than the inductance, because
the effect is equivalent to decreasing the size of
the plates of the capacitor in order to decrease the
capacitance.
Any change in the dielectric material between the
two wires also changes the characteristic
impedance.
If a change in the dielectric material increases the
capacitance between the wires, the characteristic
impedance is reduced, and vice-versa.
Further Calculations of Z0.

Quite often, the values of L and C are


not known, but the physical
dimensions (Conductor diameter,
spacing, dielectric properties, etc) of
the line are known.
In such cases, following formulas can
be used to determine the
characteristic impedance.
For Two-wire lines:
276 2D
Z
0

log
d (2) 10

D spacingbetweenwires (center- to - center)


d diameter of conductor
dielectric constant of insulator Insulator

For Coaxial lines:


Air 1

Polyethylene 2.3
138 D
Z0

log10
d (3) Teflon 2.1

D inner diameter of outer conductor Polyethylene 1.6


Foam
d outer diameter of inner conductor
dielectric constant of insulator
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