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IP Addressing Scheme

This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It defines IP addresses and how they are divided into a network ID and host ID. It describes the different classes of IP addresses and how the first bytes determine the class. Subnetting allows a network to be divided into multiple subnets by using some of the host ID bits for a subnet ID. The default subnet mask corresponds to the number of bytes assigned in the class. Subnetting allows better management of large networks but results in lost IP addresses that are all 0s or 1s in each subnet.

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533 views

IP Addressing Scheme

This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It defines IP addresses and how they are divided into a network ID and host ID. It describes the different classes of IP addresses and how the first bytes determine the class. Subnetting allows a network to be divided into multiple subnets by using some of the host ID bits for a subnet ID. The default subnet mask corresponds to the number of bytes assigned in the class. Subnetting allows better management of large networks but results in lost IP addresses that are all 0s or 1s in each subnet.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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IP Addressing Scheme

Advanced Radio Operators Course


OVERVIEW
IP Addressing Scheme

Subnetting

Default Subnet Mask


MAC addresses
IP Address

Used to deliver data between networks


Must be globally unique for each TCP/IP
host
Decimal Dot Notation

Network Network
200.10.2.3 130.1.2.3

Network
10.9.2.8

200 10 2 3
IP Address
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
IP Address
Partially configurable by the network
manager
The number of bytes configurable is
dependent on the class of IP address
provided
IP Address
IP Address: 32 bits or 4 bytes (0 or 1)

NET ID HOST ID

Determine the class of an IP address by looking at the


first byte of the IP address
Class A Address
First bit of IP address is 0
Range 1-126
127 is also a Class A address but it is the
reserved address for IP loop-back testing of
127.0.0.1
First byte (8 bits) assigned by the ARIN
3 bytes (24 bits) locally administered
Large Organizations
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0
Class B Address
First bit set to 1, second bit set to 0
Range 128-191
First two bytes (16 bits) assigned by the ARIN
2 bytes (16 bits) locally administered
Midsize organizations such as colleges and
universities
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0
Class C Address
First two bits set to 1, third bit set to 0
Range 192-223
First three bytes (24 bits) assigned by the ARIN
1 byte (8 bits) locally administered
Small organizations or ones that can not justify a
Class B
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0
Class D & E Address
Class D has first three bits set to 1, fourth
bit set to 0
Class D range 224-239
Class D is used for multicasting to
members of a group
Class E range 240-255
Class E is reserved and not currently used
Summary of IP
Addresses
FIRST
1,2, or 3 REMAINING HOST VALUE OF
CLASS NETWORK NETWORK BITS FIRST
BITS BITS 8 BITS
[MSB]

A 0 7 24 1-126

B 10 14 16 128-191

C 110 21 8 192-223
Private Addressing
Designed to slow depletion of IP addresses and
reduce the number of Internet routing table
entries
Used by organizations that do not need to have
a connection to the Internet; no permission from
ARIN is needed to use these IP addresses
Consists of three networks
Class A: 10.0.0.0 though 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 though 192.168.255.255
Not Routable on the Internet
IP Addressing Rules
No field of an interface's IP address may
contain all 1's or all 0's (binary)
All 0's in the host portion of an IP address
identify a subnet or network
192.156.10.0 (00000000)
All 1's in the host portion of a target IP
address is an IP broadcast
192.156.10.255 (11111111)
Subnetting
Requires partitioning a portion of the host
ID for use a subnetwork number

The network ID and the number of bits


taken from the host together make up the
Subnetwork Address

Remaining bits are used to identify hosts


IP Addresses

NET ID HOST ID

NET ID SUBNET ID HOST ID


Subnetwork Number
Each subnetwork requires a unique
subnet number

Host Numbers
Each host number must be unique within the
subnetwork
When to Subnet
Geography
Functional area separation
Network traffic interference
Reorganization
Connection 2 different media protocols
Anytime a router is used (Most common
reason)
30% or greater Ethernet
50% or greater Token Ring
Main Reason for
Subnetting IP Networks
Better overall management of the network
by creating groups of systems:

To separate local traffic from the rest of the


network
Physically separated from the rest of the
network
To restrict access to certain resources
Subnetting IP
Networks
To recognize the subnet, each system in
the subnet must have the same subnet
mask
The mask has the same number of bits as
the IP address
The first byte has the value of 255
Subnet Calculations
2 Decisions must be made
How many subnets needed in this network?
What is the max number of interfaces?
(2n)-2= number of subnets/hosts in subnet
n = the number of bits used in the mask
Ex. With 3 bits in the Subnet field of the Mask
(2n)-2 = (8)-2 = 6 subnets
Ex. With 4 bits in the Host field of the Mask
(2n)-2 = (16)-2 = 14 hosts
Default Mask
The mask indicates which portion of the IP
address is network and which portion is host
The number of high order bits used to let the
system know how many bits are used for
network or subnetwork ID
The default mask initially corresponds to how
many bytes you are assigned by ARIN
Class A -- 255.0.0.0
Class B -- 255.255.0.0
Class C -- 255.255.255.0
Building Subnet Mask

192.156.69.0= 11000000.10011000.01000101.00000000 Class C


N.N.N.H

Subnet Mask is the address with every network bit turned on. This tells
the router that you want to use some Host bits as network (subnet) bits.

192.156.69.0= 11000000.10011000.01000101.00000000 Class C


N.N.N.H
Default Mask= 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0
with 3 bit = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224

When choosing which subnet mask to use, always allow


room for growth
Applying the Mask

CLASS WITHOUT WITH 4-BIT WITH 8-BIT


SUBNET SUBNET SUBNET

A 255.0.0.0 255.240.0.0 255.255.0.0

B 255.255.0.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0

C 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.240 N/A


Subnetting Tables
Class C network 203.223.45.0
You choose to use a 3 bit mask
(255.255.255.224)
Yields 6 networks with 30 hosts per
network (2n) -2
Network numbers increment by 32
Broadcast numbers are 1 less than the
next network
Lost IP Addresses
Subnetting causes a loss of interfaces that
can be addressed
However, subnetting allows the ability to
manage the network better
Lost addresses are all 0s and 1s for each
subnet
Summary

IP Addressing Scheme

Subnetting

Default Subnet Mask

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