Myers Psychology for AP, 2e

David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, 2014
AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board , which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
 Unit 14:
Social Psychology
 Unit 15 - Overview
Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions
Conformity and Obedience
Group Behavior
Prejudice and Discrimination
Aggression
Attraction
Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
 Module 74:
Attribution, Attitudes, and
Actions
 Introduction
Social Psychology
The Fundamental Attribution
Error
The Fundamental Attribution
Error
Attribution theory
Dispositional vs. situational attribution
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving
bias
Attitudes and Actions
 Attitudes and Actions
Attitudes Affect Actions
Attitude
Central route pers
uasion
Peripheral route
persua
sion
 Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes:
The Foot-in-the-Door
Phenomenon
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
start small and build
 Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes:
Role Playing Affects Attitudes
Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
Role
Stanford
prison
study
Abu Ghraib
 Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes:
Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from Tension
Cognitive Dissonance: Relief
From Tension
Cognitive dissonance theory
Attitudes follow
behavior
 Module 75:
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity: Complying With
Social Pressures
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Automatic Mimicry
Chameleon effect
Mood
linkage
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
Conformity
Solomon Asch study
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
Group has at least three people
Group is unanimous
One admires the groups status
One has made no prior commitment
Others in group observe ones behavior
Ones culture strongly encourages respect for social
standards
Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures
Conformity and Social Norms
Reasons for Conforming
Normative social influence
Informational social influence
Obedience: Following Orders
Obedience: Following Orders

Obedience
Milgrams studies
on obedience
Procedure
Results
Ethics
Follow up studies
Obedience: Following Orders
Obedience: Following Orders
Obedience: Following Orders
Obedience: Following Orders
 Obedience: Following Orders
Lessons From the Obedience
Studies
Ordinary people being corrupted
by an evil situation
 Module 76:
Group Behavior
Social Facilitation
 Social Facilitation

Social Facilitation
Task difficulty
Expertise effects
Crowding effects
Social Loafing
 Social Loafing
Social Loafing
Reasons why?
Less accountability
View themselves
as dispensable
Deinviduation
 Deinviduation
Deindividuation
Group Polarization
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
 Group Polarization

Group Polarizati
on
Group Polarization
Groupthink
 Groupthink

Groupthink
Bay of Pigs
Challenger
explosion
The Power of Individuals
 The Power of Individuals

Social control vs personal control

Minority
influence
Cultural Influences
 Cultural Influences

Culture
Culture within animals
Culture in
humans
 Cultural Influences
Variation Across Cultures
Norm
Culture shock
Pace of life
 Cultural Influences
Variation Over Time
Changes over the generations
 Module 77:
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
 Prejudice

Prejudice
Stereotype
Discrimination
 Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
 Prejudice
Social Roots of Prejudice:
Social Inequalities
Just world phenomenon
Blame the victim
 Prejudice
Social Roots of Prejudice:
Us and Them:
Ingroup and Outgroup
Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup
Ingroup
Outgroup
Ingroup bias
 Prejudice
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
Emotional roots of prejudice
Scapegoat theory
Economic variables
Negative emotions
 Prejudice
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Categorization
Outgroup homogeneity
Other-race effect
Vivid cases
Believing the world is
just
Hindsight bias
Module 78:
Aggression
 Introduction

Aggression
The Biology of Aggression
The Biology of Aggression

Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical
Influences
 Psychological and Social-
Cultural Factors in Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Aversive Events
Aversive Events
Frustration-aggression principle
Social and cultural influences
Aggression-replacement program
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
Aversive Events:
Reinforcement and Modeling
Aggression-replacement program
Media Model for Violence
Social scripts
Do violent video games teach social
scripts for violence?
Module 79:
Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
 The Psychology of Attraction
Proximity
Proximity
Mere exposure effect
 The Psychology of Attraction
Physical Attractiveness
Physical attractiveness
 The Psychology of Attraction
Similarity
Similarity
Positive correlation between
similarity and liking
Reward theory of
attraction
Romantic Love
 Romantic Love

Love
Passionate love
Companionate love
Equity
Self-disclosure
 Module 80:
Altruism, Conflict, and
Peacemaking
Altruism
 Altruism
Altruism
Kitty Genovese
Bystander
Intervention
Diffusion of
responsibility
Bystander effect
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
Altruism
 Altruism
The Norms for Helping
Social exchange theory
Reciprocity norm
Social-responsibility
norm
Conflict and Peacemaking
 Conflict and Peacemaking
Elements of Conflict
Conflict
Social trap
Non-zero
sum game
 Conflict and Peacemaking
Elements of Conflict:
Enemy Perceptions
Mirror-image perceptions
Self-fulfilling prophecy
 Conflict and Peacemaking
Promoting Peace
Contact
Cooperation
Superordinate goals
 Conflict and Peacemaking
Promoting Peace
Communication
Conciliation
GRIT
The End
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 Teacher Information
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Psychologys History and Approaches
Research Methods
Biological Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception
States of Consciousness
Learning
Cognition
Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
Developmental Psychology
Personality
Testing and Individual Differences
Abnormal Psychology
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Social Psychology
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Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
262-253-3400
[email protected]
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 Definition Slide

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Definition
Slides
 Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another.
 Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someones
behavior by crediting either the situation or
the persons disposition.
 Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when
analyzing anothers behavior, to
underestimate the impact of the situation
and to overestimate the impact of
personal disposition.
 Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs,
that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people, and
events.
 Peripheral Route Persuasion
= occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues, such as a speakers
attractiveness.
 Central Route Persuasion
= occurs when influenced people focus on
the arguments and respond with favorable
thoughts.
 Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first
agreed to a small request to comply later
with a larger request.
 Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.
 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two
of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent. For example, when we
become aware that our attitudes and our
actions clash, we can reduce the resulting
dissonance by changing our attitudes.
 Conformity
= adjusting our behavior or thinking to
coincide with a group standard.
 Normative Social Influence
= influence resulting from a persons desire
to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
 Informational Social Influence
= influence resulting from ones willingness
to accept others opinions about reality.
 Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or well-
learned tasks in the presence of others.
 Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert
less effort when pooling their efforts
toward attaining a common goal than
when individually accountable.
 Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and self-
restraint occurring in group situations that
foster arousal and anonymity.
 Group Polarization
= the enhancement of a groups prevailing
inclinations through discussion within the
groups.
 Groupthink
= the mode of thinking that occurs when the
desire for harmony in a decision-making
group overrides a realistic appraisal of
alternatives.
 Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
values, and traditions shared by a group of
people and transmitted from one
generation to the next.
 Norm
= an understood rule for accepted and
expected behavior. Norms prescribe
proper behavior.
 Prejudice
= an unjustifiable and usually negative
attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped
beliefs, negative feelings, and a
predisposition to discriminatory action.
 Stereotype
= a generalized (sometimes accurate but
often overgeneralized) belief about a
group of people.
 Discrimination
= unjustifiable negative behavior toward a
group and its members.
 Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the
world is just and that people therefore get
what they deserve and deserve what they
get.
 Ingroup
= Us people with whom we share a
common identity.
 Outgroup
= Them those perceived as different or
apart from our ingroup.
 Ingroup Bias
= the tendency to favor our own group.
 Scapegoat Theory
= the theory that prejudice offers an outlet
for anger by providing someone to blame.
 Other-Race Effect
= the tendency to recall faces of ones own
race more accurately than faces of other
races. Also called the cross-race effect
and the own-race bias.
 Aggression
= any physical or verbal behavior intended
to hurt or destroy.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration the blocking
of an attempt to achieve some goal
creates anger, which can generate
aggression.
 Social Script
= culturally modeled guide for how to act in
various situations.
 Mere Exposure Effect
= the phenomenon the repeated exposure
to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
 Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive
absorption in another, usually present at
the beginning of a love relationship.
 Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel
for those with whom our lives are
intertwined.
 Equity
= a condition in which people receive from a
relationship in proportion to what they give
to it.
 Self-Disclosure
= revealing intimate aspects of oneself to
others.
 Altruism
= unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
 Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to
be less likely to give aid if other
bystanders are present.
 Social Exchange Theory
= the theory that our social behavior is an
exchange process, the aim of which is to
maximize benefits and minimize costs.
 Reciprocity Norm
= an expectation that people will help, not
hurt those who have helped them.
 Social-Responsibility Norm
= an expectation that people will help those
needing their help..
 Conflict
= a perceived incompatibility of actions,
goals, or ideas.
 Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties,
by each rationally pursuing their self-
interest rather than the good of the group,
become caught in mutually destructive
behavior.
 Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting
people, as when each side sees itself as
ethical and peaceful and views the other
side as evil and aggressive.
 Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
= a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
 Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences
among people and require their
cooperation.
 GRIT
= Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in
Tension-Reduction a strategy designed
to decrease international tensions.