MESODERMAL TISSUE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Begin with somite as mass with hollow center

radial arrangement of cells

shape changes with time
extend dorsoventrally; flatten mediolaterally
myocoel: spherical  long vertical slit

Consequences:
inner and outer walls  parietal and visceral layers of lateral plate

outer wall  dermatome  dermis

inner wall  skeletongenous tissue and voluntary striated muscle
inner wall later subdivides
sclerotome and myotome

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Sclerotome forms mesenchyme
cartilage forming bodies and neural arches
hemal arches and ribs

Myotome (originally dorsal - all vertebrates) – internal reorganization

cells elongate, longitudinally directed
differentiate into muscle cells (voluntary, striated muscle)

corresponds to a muscle segment

Connective tissue septa = myocomma

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Muscle segmentation from somite segmentation

Hermann and Heinz; Studies of Muscle Development. Annals NY Acad. Sci 1952
Great mass increase 40 – 84 hours
Cell # increase: 8x103  121x103
No DNA or RNA or protein increase
Dilution of cells = 1.7

5 – 6 days  very little change

Day 11  new trend (chart on next slide)

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DAY PN/Cell Cell Mass (mg x 10-7) RNA

9 7.10 13.6 5.28

10 9.45 12.6 3.79

12 7.45 13.6 3.89

13 7.60 13.1 4.28

14 9.95 14.0 4.37

15 10.50 12.2 3.72

16 11.20 13.1 3.90

17 14.20 13.2 4.00

18 13.40 11.5 3.83

19 18.10 14.6 4.36

20 25.70 22.6 5.45

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 Coelom and Mesenteries

Coelom --- splitting of lateral plate  Somatic (parietal) and splanchnic layers
(visceral)
Doral mesentery
Ventral mesentery

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Retroperitoneal

Ventral mesogastrium
Falciform ligament

Transverse septum
Pleural channels
Pleural cavities

Pleuropericardial fold
Pleuroperitoneal fold
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MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Striated, voluntary muscle

Smooth, involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle

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 MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue

Somatic mesoderm and head mesoderm
exceptions: Ciliary muscles and Iris  neural crest

Christ, et. al. (1977); Chevallier (1977): Chick/Quail experiments

Cells represent a syncytium – from fusion of mononucleated myoblasts

Myoblasts differentiated – elongate in parallel clusters
Cells fuse  myotubes = multinucleated muscle fibers
Cytodifferentiation specific contractile proteins – after fustion
Parallel myofilaments (actin and myosin)

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Restriction – cells in epiblast or in primitive streak stage
(chick development)
Holtzer, et. al. – begin with founder cells

Founder cells

clones

Internally controlled genetic program

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Formation of Muscles (the organs)
Common origin: paraxial mesoderm
Migration of myogenic cells: pathway not controlled
by information in the myogenic cells.

Muscle blastema
Mix myogenic cells from different regions
Morphogenesis – controlled by connective tissues

Intrafusal muscle fibers

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Cardiac muscle

Splanchnic mesoderm

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Smooth muscle
General Rule: smooth muscle differentiates from any type of
mesoderm surrounding the epithelial component

Blood vessels: somatic mesoderm; Iris: sphincter pupulae from ectoderm 20

 AXIAL SKELETON
3 PHASES – AXIAL SKELETON FORMATION
1. Notochord
2. Cartilage (related to notochord; some independent
Cyclostomes; Elasmobranchs – end development

3.Cartilage replaced by bone

all other fish; all tetrapods

Cartilage from sclerotome = segmental

Sclerotome (mesoderm)  mesenchyme
Mesenchyme forms sheath around notochord (lose
segmentation
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Arcualia form (condensation of mesenchyme near notochord
and spinal cord
Double pairs: (Next slide for graphic)
dorsolateral pair
grow up around spinal cord  neural
arches
ventrolateral pair
grow down (tail)  hemal arches –
caudal artery/vein
grow laterally (cervical/thoracic)  rib
rudiments
Centrum (body) from both pairs – around
notochord
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Dorsolateral
arcualia

Centrum

Ventrolateral arcualia

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Extirpation Experiments

Remove notochord  vertebral column irregular

Remove spinal cord  vertebrae do not form

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Transplantation Experiments:

Neural tube to second host dorsolateral mesoderm  neural

arches form

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Induced
neural
arch

Grafted
spinal cord

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Substitute somites (increase number per segment 

increases # muscle segments spinal ganglia (not a

strict correspondence)

# neural arches correspond to number of ganglia

Neural crest repulses skeletogenous mesenchyme

Two cartilage segments form between each ganglion

another structure(s) act on vertebral formation?

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 HEAD REGION

Trabeculae (Prechordal cartilages)

Neural crest
Prechordal mesoderm

Parachordal cartilages
Mesenchyme from sclerotome

Sense Organ Capsules (nose, eye, ear)

Skeletogenous mesenchyme
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From Weichert: Anatomy of the Chordates
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 PAIRED LIMBS
Derived from:
Lateral plate mesoderm
Epidermis
Somites
Also includes nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and other structures

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Beginning of the limb saga: lateral plate mesoderm

somatic layer thickens

mass separates from lateral plate = cell

migration

cells transform into mesenchyme

position of thickenings varies in different groups

Amniotes mesenchyme along entire

length of body to form Wolffian ridges – thickest
anteriorly and posteriorly

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Epidermis thickens over mesenchymal masses
entire length of Wolffian Ridges
ridge subsides in intermediate regions
remains in regions of limb buds

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Mesoderm determined shortly after closure of
neural tube

Any epidermis can participate in limb formation

Mesoderm component is critical

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Epidermis is not passive

Ectodermal Apical Ridge (higher vertebrates)

(next slide for illustration)

Ridge cells – more RNA and glycogen

Ridge cells – very high levels of alkaline

phosphatase

Ridge indispensible for normal outgrowth

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Trypsin-Versene Experiments

Trypsin removes epidermis intact

Versene removes epidermis in flakes; mesoderm
unaffected

Recombine components (epidermis and mesoderm stick

readily to each other

Mesoderm (leg-bud); Ectoderm (wing-bud)  graft to flank of

third embryo  forms a leg (determined by the mesoderm)

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 Competence for Limb Development

Entire flank

Amphibians
Introduction of inducer  limb development
Inductor used: Ear vesicle
Other organs also used: hypophysis, olfactory sac

Determination of limb mesoderm flank

With other parts of mesodermal mantle

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 Limb Differentiation
Start at time when width = length  subordinate parts begin
to form

DS-1

1st: distal end flattens even more than the flat limb bud
rounded end
becomes pentagonal
points become digits DS-2

cellular necrosis between digits

macophages remove dead cells

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DS-1

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DS-2

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 Rotation of Limb
Flexor surface ventral, extensor surface is dorsal

Limb elongates and rotates

flexor surface  posterior to posterodorsal

Flexures develop
Preaxial edge is anterior (red line on diagram) a
DS-3

Elongates and bends at future elbow (knee) b and c

Another, less pronounced flexure at carpus (tarsus)

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a b c
DS-3

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 INTERNAL CHANGES IN LIMB
Mesenchyme initially – uniform distribution
thins out some areas
thickens other areas = future bones
converted to procartilage
Limb skeleton  proximo-distal direction
stylopodium (humerus/femur) first
zeugopodium (radius-ulna/tibial-fibula) next
autopodium (carpus-digits/tarsus-digits) much later
sequence does not hold in autopodium
metacarpals/metatarsals (larger) first
carpals/tarsals (smaller) slow
digits return to proximo-distal sequence

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 Limb Girdles
Develop intimately with limb
limb does not need to be present
if limb is absent no articulation forms

Additional mesenchyme needed to complete limb

lower edge of myotome  supplies mesenchyme for muscles
Fish: muscle buds  enter limb and fuse (common mass) = myoblast
secondary condensation to form muscles
Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals  individual cells migrate
into limb

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 Bone formation
Endochondral
Intramembanous

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic fibers

Histology web site: http://camilolab.slu.edu/444/histology.html

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THE ZONES (FROM ENDS OF CARTILAGE
TOWARD PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER)

1 4
2 7
6 8
3
5

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1. Quiescent (Reserve) Zone
Primitive hyaline cartilage
Slight, slow growth
Extensive at first – progressively smaller

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2. Proliferative Zone
Active mitotic zone
Cells divide, daughter cells divide, etc.
Forms rows of cells
Rows parallel with long axis of cartilage
Rows add cells at distal (free) end
Cells in rows are crowded, flattened,
separated by very little matrix
More matrix between rows
Arrangement adds length not breath to
cartilage mass 57
3. Maturation Zone

Mitosis ceases
Cells and lacunae enlarge (cuboidal shape)
Increases length even more
This growth is interstitial
Maturing cells produce more phosphatase and
glycogen
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4. Calcification Zone

Deeply basophilic, calcified matrix

Zone is narrow
Cells at peak of life cycle

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5. Regressive Zone

Cartilage cells dying

Matrix between cells dissolving (open up
lacunae)
Thicker plates of cartilage not eroded
significantly
Vascular primary marrow extends into new spaces

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6. Ossification Zone
Osteoblasts migrate to calcified cartilage
Rapid deposition of bone
Adds to spongy bone already present

7. Osseus Zone
Zone of endochondral bone from ossification
region to primary center

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8. Resorptive Zone
Advance of ossification toward cartilage offset
Compensatory resorption of bone
Resorption at oldest (proximal) end of
bony mass
Keeps mass of spongy bone nearly
constant

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