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Discourse Analysis and Grammar

This document discusses various grammatical concepts related to discourse analysis and grammar, including reference, ellipsis/substitution, conjunction, theme and rheme, tense and aspect. It defines and provides examples for each concept. Reference can be exophoric or endophoric, with endophoric further divided into anaphoric and cataphoric. Ellipsis involves structural omissions while substitution replaces items to avoid repetition. Conjunction links clauses and can be elaborative, extensional, or enhancement. Theme establishes what a message is about while rheme provides new information. Tense relates to when an activity occurs and aspect comments on its characteristics.

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Judy Colmenero
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107 views

Discourse Analysis and Grammar

This document discusses various grammatical concepts related to discourse analysis and grammar, including reference, ellipsis/substitution, conjunction, theme and rheme, tense and aspect. It defines and provides examples for each concept. Reference can be exophoric or endophoric, with endophoric further divided into anaphoric and cataphoric. Ellipsis involves structural omissions while substitution replaces items to avoid repetition. Conjunction links clauses and can be elaborative, extensional, or enhancement. Theme establishes what a message is about while rheme provides new information. Tense relates to when an activity occurs and aspect comments on its characteristics.

Uploaded by

Judy Colmenero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISCOURS

E
ANALYSIS
AND
GRAMMAR

Judy Colmenero
GRAMMATICAL
COHESION AND
TEXTUALITY
Spoken and written discourses display
grammatical connections between individual
clauses and utterances.
These grammatical links can be classified under
three broad types :
Reference or co- reference
Ellipsis/ substitution
Conjunction
REFERENCES:

It is used to define the relationship between a


word and what it points to in the real world.

But is can also simply refers to the relationship


between two linguistic expressions.

Reference items in English include pronouns,


demonstratives, the article the, and items like
such a.
REFERENCES

EXOPHORIC ENDOPHORIC

TO PRECIDING TO FOLLOWING
(TEXT ANAPHORA) (TEXT CATAPHORA)
Exophoric
References.

References to assumed, shared worlds outside of


the text.

They are not text-internal, they are not truly


cohesive.

The referent is not in the immediate context but is


assumed by the speaker/writer to be part of a
shared world. Is often to a world of discourse
connected with the discourse of the moment.
ENDHOPORIC
REFERENCES

References to elements in the text are called


Endophoric references.
Endophoric referencing can be divided into two
areas:
1. Anaphoric
2. Cataphoric
ANAPHORIC
REFERENCE

Exercises which
involve looking back
in text to find the
referent. Have long
been common in
first and second
language teaching
and testing.
Examples:

1. Maria is trying to pass the


quiz. She doesnt want to
repeat the semester.
2. Carlos believes in eternal
love. He hasnt met a girl.
3. Ulises and Marian are
dancing. They look so
ridiculous!
Usually items such as he/she or them
can be decoded without major difficulty.

it and this may be more troublesome


because their ability to refer to longer
stretches of text.

It is helpful, to return to the notion of


discourse segments as functions units,
rather than concentrating on sentences.
Cataphoric Reference

Is relatively simple, but language learners may


lack awareness or confidence to put into use in
constructing text, and may need to have the
feature explicitly taught or exercised.
Examples:

1. I stepped on it. The large snake in the


middle of the path.
2. When I met her, Mary looked ill.
3. Here is the news. The Prime Minister..
THEME AND RHEME

Theme can be defined as:

1. The start of the clause.


2. Everything up to and including the first
ideational element.
3. Of what would be the message about.
Examples:

I come down in the bus.

But he did not pay attention to me.

His wife does not give him


permission.

Our rabbit Heleriodoro was relaxing


in the bath.
Ellipsis/ substitution

Ellipsis is distinguished by the structure having


some missing element.

-Are used when a speaker or writer wishes to


avoid the repetition of a lexical item and draw on
one of the grammatical resources of the language
or replace the item.
Example of Ellipsis:
Ellipsis within the verbal group may cause
greater problems. Two very common types
of verbal groups are:

Echoing- repeats an element from the


verbal group.

Auxiliary contrasting- When auxiliary


changes.
Difficulties in Ellipsis

Ellipsis not only crats difficulties in learning what


structural omissions are permissible, but also
does not seem to be readily used even by
proficient learners in situations where native
speakers naturally resort to it.

Other aspects that are difficult for learners occur


in the area where ellipsis intersect with what is
often treated under the grammar of coordination.
SUBSTITUTION

When we want to substitute a word or phrase


with a filler word (one, so, or do) to avoid
repetition.

Substitution

one / ones do
so / not
Nominal Verbal Clausal
Nominal Subtitution:

1. There are some new adventure time shoes.


These ones have lost their bounce.

2. Do you want bananas? Yes, Ill take one.


Verbal Subtitution

1. A: David says you drink too much tea!


B: So do you!

2. Did you go? Yes I did.


Clausal
Substitution

1. We should recognize
him when we see
him. Yes, but
supposing not: What
do we do?
2. Is there going to be
an earthquake? It
says so.
CONJUNCTION

Cohesive link between clauses of a text. This is to


show a meaningful pattern between them.

Single-word conjunctions merge into phrasal and


clausal ones, and there is often little difference
between the linking f two clauses by a single-
word conjunction, a phrasal one, or a lexical item
somewhere else in the clause.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
Elaborati
on
means that one part is used to expands another by creating words that
express better the ideas
Subtype are apposition and clarification
Example of words: in other words, or rather.

Extension
A part that expands by adding something, but giving it an alternative
Subtypes are addition and variation
Example of words: and, but, alternatively.

Enhancement
A part that expands by adding something to look at the word better with
feature of time, place, cause or condition.
Subtypes are spatio-temporal and causal-temporal.
Examples of words: Consequently, in that case.
Exercise:

1. I have a pencil and a eraser.

2. In other words, the best ice cream is the chocolate.

3. In that case, I will say you are hot!

4. Luc is sick but he is not in the hospital.

5. By the way, I think you are pretty as the flowers.

6. I finish my project however, I think is really bad.

7. Meanwhile Jake is watching television, Kim is doing her h.w.


TENSE AND ASPECT

Tense- Related to time when


activity or state occur.

Aspect in a language comments


upon some characteristic of the
activity or state
TENSE

PAST PRESENT
FUTURE

ASPECT

PROGRESSIVE
PERFECT
THANK YOU

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