Short Circuit Calculation

Sector Energy
D SE PTI NC

Steffen Schmidt

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Standards and Terms

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Purpose of Short-Circuit Calculations

Dimensioning of switching devices

Dynamic dimensioning of switchgear
Thermal rating of electrical devices (e.g. cables)
Protection coordination
Fault diagnostic
Input data for
Earthing studies
Interference calculations
EMC planning
..

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Short-Circuit Calculation
Standards

IEC 60909:
Short-Circuit Current Calculation in Three-Phase A.C. Systems

European Standard EN 60909

German National Standard DIN VDE 0102
further National Standards

Engineering Recommendation G74 (UK)

Procedure to Meet the Requirements of IEC 60909 for the
Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents in Three-Phase AC Power
Systems

ANSI IIEEE Std. C37.5 (US)

IEEE Guide for Calculation of Fault Currents for Application of a.c. High
Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis.

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Standard IEC 60909

IEC 60909 : Short-circuit currents in three-

phase a.c. systems

Part 0: Calculation of currents

Part 1: Factors for the calculation of
short-circuit currents
Part 2: Electrical equipment; data for
short-circuit current calculations
Part 3: Currents during two separate
simultaneous line-to-earth short
circuits and partial short-circuit
currents flowing through earth
Part 4: Examples for the calculation of
short-circuit currents

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Scope of IEC 60909

three-phase a.c. systems

low voltage and high voltage systems up to 500 kV
nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 60 Hz
balanced and unbalanced short circuits
three phase short circuits
two phase short circuits (with and without earth connection)
single phase line-to-earth short circuits in systems with solidly
earthed or impedance earthed neutral
two separate simultaneous single-phase line-to-earth short circuits
in a systems with isolated neutral or a resonance earthed neutral
(IEC 60909-3)
maximum short circuit currents
minimum short circuit currents

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Types of Short Circuits

3-phase

2-phase

1-phase

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Far-from-generator short circuit

Ik Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

ip Peak short-circuit current
Ik Steady-state short-circuit current
A Initial value of the d.c component

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (I)

initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ik

r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical component of a prospective
(available) short-circuit current, applicable at the instant of short circuit if
the impedance remains at zero-time value

initial symmetrical short-circuit power Sk

fictitious value determined as a product of the initial symmetrical short-
circuit current Ik, the nominal system voltage Un and the factor 3:

Sk" 3 Un Ik"
NOTE: Sk is often used to calculate the internal impedance of a network feeder at the
connection point. In this case the definition given should be used in the following form:

c Un2
Z
Sk"
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Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (II)

decaying (aperiodic) component id.c. of short-circuit current

mean value between the top and bottom envelope of a short-circuit
current decaying from an initial value to zero

peak short-circuit current ip

maximum possible instantaneous value of the prospective (available)
short-circuit current

NOTE: The magnitude of the peak short-circuit current varies in accordance with the
moment at which the short circuit occurs.

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Near-to-generator short circuit

Ik Initial symmetrical short-circuit current

ip Peak short-circuit current
Ik Steady-state short-circuit current
A Initial value of the d.c component
IB Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current

2 2 IB

tB

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (III)

steady-state short-circuit current Ik

r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of
the transient phenomena

symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib

r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of
the first pole to open of a switching device

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Short-Circuit Calculations
Purpose of Short-Circuit Values

Design Criterion Physical Effect Relevant short-circuit current

Breaking capacity of circuit Thermal stress to arcing Symmetrical short-circuit

breakers chamber; arc extinction breaking current Ib
Mechanical stress to Forces to electrical devices Peak short-circuit current ip
equipment (e.g. bus bars, cables)
Thermal stress to equipment Temperature rise of electrical Initial symmetrical short-
devices (e.g. cables) circuit current Ik
Fault duration
Protection setting Selective detection of partial Minimum symmetrical short-
short-circuit currents circuit current Ik
Earthing, Interference, EMC Potential rise; Maximum initial symmetrical
Magnetic fields short-circuit current Ik

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Standard IEC 60909
Simplifications and Assumption

Assumptions
quasi-static state instead of dynamic calculation
no change in the type of short circuit during fault duration
no change in the network during fault duration
arc resistances are not taken into account
impedance of transformers is referred to tap changer in main position
neglecting of all shunt impedances except for C0

-> safe assumptions

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Equivalent Voltage Source

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Short-circuit
Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location

real network
Q A F

equivalent circuit
ZN Q ZT A ZL

~
c.U n
I"K
3

Operational data and the passive load of consumers are neglected

Tap-changer position of transformers is dispensable
Excitation of generators is dispensable
Load flow (local and time) is dispensable
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Short circuit in meshed grid
Equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location

real network equivalent circuit

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Voltage Factor c

c is a safety factor to consider the following effects:

voltage variations depending on time and place,
changing of transformer taps,
neglecting loads and capacitances by calculations,
the subtransient behaviour of generators and motors.

Voltage factor c for calculation of

Nominal voltage maximum short circuit currents minimum short circuit currents

Low voltage 100 V 1000 V

-systems with a tolerance of 6% 1.05 0.95
-systems with a tolerance of 10% 1.10 0.95
Medium voltage >1 kV 35 kV 1.10 1.00
High voltage >35 kV 1.10 1.00

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Maximum and minimum Short-Circuit Currents

maximum minimum
short circuit currents short circuit currents

Voltage factor Cmax Cmin

Power plants Maximum contribution Minimum contribution

Network feeders Minimum impedance Maximum impedance

Motors shall be considered shall be neglected

Resistance of lines and cables at 20C at maximum temperature

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Short Circuit Impedances and Correction Factors

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Short Circuit Impedances
For network feeders, transformer, overhead lines, cable etc.
impedance of positive sequence system = impedance of negative sequence system
impedance of zero sequence system usually different
topology can be different for zero sequence system

Correction factors for

generators,
generator blocks,
network transformer
factors are valid in zero, positive, negative sequence system

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Network feeders

At a feeder connection point usually one of the following values is given:

the initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik
the initial short-circuit power Sk

c Un c Un2
ZQ
3 Ik
"
Sk"

ZQ
XQ
1 (R / X)2

If R/X of the network feeder is unknown, one of the following values can
be used:
R/X = 0.1
R/X = 0.0 for high voltage systems >35 kV fed by overhead lines

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Network transformer
Correction of Impedance

ZTK = ZT KT

general
c max
K T 0,95
1 0,6 x T

at known conditions of operation

Un c max
KT
Ub 1 x T (IbT IrT ) sin bT

no correction for impedances between star point and ground

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Network transformer
Impact of Correction Factor

The Correction factor is KT<1.0 for transformers with xT >7.5 %.

Reduction of transformer impedance

Increase of short-circuit currents

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Generator with direct Connection to Network
Correction of Impedance

ZGK = ZG KG

general

Un c max
KG
UrG 1 xd sin rG

for continuous operation above rated voltage:

UrG (1+pG) instead of UrG

turbine generator: X(2) = X(1)

salient pole generator: X(2) = 1/2 (Xd" + Xq")

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Generator Block (Power Station)
Correction of Impedance

Q
ZS(O) = (tr2 ZG +ZTHV) KS(O)
G

power station with on-load tap changer:

2 2
UnQ UrTLV c max
KS 2 2
UrG UrTHV 1 xd x T sin rG

power station without on-load tap changers:

UnQ U c max
K SO rTLV 1 p t
UrG (1 pG ) UrTHV 1 xd sin rG

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Asynchronous Motors

Motors contribute to the short circuit currents and have to be considered

for calculation of maximum short circuit currents

2
1 UrM
ZM
ILR / IrM SrM

ZM
XM
1 (RM / XM )2

If R/X is unknown, the following values can be used:

R/X = 0.1 medium voltage motors power per pole pair > 1 MW
R/X = 0.15 medium voltage motors power per pole pair 1 MW
R/X = 0.42 low voltage motors (including connection cables)

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Special Regulations for low Voltage Motors

low voltage motors can be neglected if IrM Ik

groups of motors can be combined to a equivalent motor
ILR/IrM = 5 can be used

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Calculation of initial short circuit current

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Calculation of initial short circuit current
Procedure

Set up equivalent circuit in symmetrical components

Consider fault conditions

in 3-phase system
transformation into symmetrical components

Calculation of fault currents

in symmetrical components
transformation into 3-phase system

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Calculation of initial short circuit current
Equivalent circuit in symmetrical components

(1) (1) (1)

(1) (1) (1) (1)

(1)
positive sequence system

(2) (2) (2)

(2)
(2) (2) (2) (2)
negative sequence system

(0)
(0) (0)
(0)
(0) (0)
(0) (0)
zero sequence system

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Calculation of initial short circuit current
3-phase short circuit
L1-L2-L3-system Z(1)l
012-system Z(1)r
L1 ~ ~
L2 ~ c Un (1)
3
L3
Z(2)l Z(2)r
~ ~ ~ -Uf ~ ~
c Ur

I sc3 (2)
3 Z (1)
Z(0)l Z(0)r
~ ~
(0)

network left of fault location network right of

UL1 = Uf fault location fault location
U(1) = Uf
UL2 = a2 ( Uf)
U(2) = 0
UL3 = a ( Uf)
U(0) = 0
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Calculation of 2-phase initial short circuit current

L1-L2-L3-system Z(1)l
012-system Z(1)r
L1 ~ ~
L2 ~ c Un (1)
L3 3
~

Z(2)l Z(2)r
-Uf c U r ~ ~

I sc2 (2)
Z 1 Z 2
Z(0)l Z(0)r
~ ~
c U r
I sc2 3

I sc2 (0)
2 Z 1
I sc3 2
network left of network right of
IL1 = 0 U fault location
U (1) U ( 2 ) c n fault location fault location
3
IL2 = IL3 I(0) = 0

UL3 UL2 = Uf I(1) = I(2)

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Calculation of 2-phase initial short circuit current
with ground connection

L1-L2-L3-system 012-system
Z(1)l Z(1)r
~ ~
L1
~ c Un (1)
L2
3
L3
Z(2)l Z(2)r
~ ~
~ 3 c U r
-Uf
I scE2E (2)
Z 1 2 Z 0
Z(0)l Z(0)r
~ ~
(0)

I L1 0
network left of network right of
fault location
2 Un fault location fault location
U L2 a c
3 Un
U (1) U ( 2) c U (1) U ( 0)
Un 3
U L3 a c
3 I(0) = I(1) = I(2)

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Calculation of 1-phase initial short circuit current

L1-L2-L3-System Z(1)l 012-System Z(1)r

~ ~
(1)
L1
L2
Z(2)l Z(2)r
L3
~ ~
3 c U r c Un
"
I sc1 ~
(2)
~ -Uf Z (1) Z ( 2 ) Z ( 0 ) 3

Z(0)l Z(0)r
~ ~
(0)

network left of network right of

fault location
Un fault location fault location
U L1 c
3 Un
U ( 0) U (1) U ( 2) c
IL2 = 0 3
I(0) = I(1) = I(2)
IL3 = 0
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Largest initial short circuit current

Because of Z1 Z2 the
largest short circuit current can
be observed

for Z1 / Z0 < 1
3-phase short circuit

for Z1 / Z0 > 1
2-phase short circuit with
earth connection
(current in earth connection)

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Short Circuit Calculation Results
Faults at all Buses

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Short Circuit Calculation Results
Contribution for one Fault Location

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Example

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Data of sample calculation

Network feeder: Transformer: Overhead line:

110 kV 110 / 20 kV 20 kV
3 GVA 40 MVA 10 km
R/X = 0.1 uk = 15 % R1 = 0.3 / km
PkrT = 100 kVA X1 = 0.4 / km

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Impedance of Network feeder

c Un2
ZI
Sk"

1.1 20 kV
2

ZI
3 GVA

ZI 0.1467 RI 0.0146 XI 0.1460

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Impedance of Transformer

Un2 Un2
Z T uk R T PkrT 2
Sn Sn
20 kV 2 20 kV 2
Z T 0.15 R T 100 kVA
40 MVA 40 MVA 2

Z T 1.5000 R T 0.0250 X T 1.4998

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Impedance of Transformer
Correction Factor

c max
K T 0.95
1 0 .6 x T
1 .1
K T 0.95
1 0.6 0.14998

K T 0.95873

Z TK 1.4381 R TK 0.0240 X TK 1.4379

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Impedance of Overhead Line

RL R' XL X'

RL 0.3 / km 10 km XL 0.4 / km 10 km

RL 3.0000 XI 4.0000

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Initial Short-Circuit Current Fault location 1

R RI R TK X XI X TK
R 0.0146 0.0240 X 0.1460 1.4379
R 0.0386 X 1.5839
c Un
Ik"
3 R1 j X1
1.1 20 kV
Ik"
3 0.0386 2 1.5839 2
Ik" 8.0 kA

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Initial Short-Circuit Current Fault location 2

R RI R TK RL X XI X TK XL
R 0.0146 0.0240 3.0000 X 0.1460 1.4379 4.0000
R 3.0386 X 5.5839
c Un
Ik"
3 R1 j X1
1.1 20 kV
Ik"
3 3.0386 2 5.5839 2
Ik" 2.0 kA

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Calculation of Peak Current

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Peak Short-Circuit Current
Calculation acc. IEC 60909

maximum possible instantaneous value of expected short circuit current

equation for calculation: ip 2 Ik"

1.02 0.98 e 3R / X

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Peak Short-Circuit Current
Calculation in non-meshed Networks

The peak short-circuit current ip at a short-circuit location, fed from

sources which are not meshed with one another is the sum of the partial
short-circuit currents:

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Peak Short-Circuit Current
Calculation in meshed Networks

Method A: uniform ratio R/X

smallest value of all network branches
quite inexact

Method B: ratio R/X at the fault location

factor b from relation R/X at the fault location (equation or diagram)
=1,15 b

Method C: procedure with substitute frequency

factor from relation Rc/Xc with substitute frequency fc = 20 Hz
R R c fc

X Xc f
best results for meshed networks

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Peak Short-Circuit Current
Fictitious Resistance of Generator

RGf = 0,05 Xd" for generators with UrG > 1 kV and SrG 100 MVA

RGf = 0,07 Xd" for generators with UrG > 1 kV and SrG < 100 MVA

RGf = 0,15 Xd" for generators with UrG 1000 V

NOTE: Only for calculation of peak short circuit current

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Peak Short-Circuit Current Fault location 1

Ik" 8.0 kA
R 0.0386 X 1.5839

R / X 0.0244
1.02 0.98 e 3R / X
1.93

ip 2 Ik"

ip 21.8 kA

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Peak Short-Circuit Current Fault location 2

Ik" 2.0 kA
R 3.0386 X 5.5839

R / X 0.5442
1.02 0.98 e 3R / X
1.21

ip 2 Ik"

ip 3.4 kA

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Calculation of Breaking Current

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Breaking Current
Differentiation

Differentiation between short circuits near or far from generator

Definition short circuit near to generator

for at least one synchronous machine is: Ik > 2 Ir,Generator

or
Ikwith motor > 1.05 Ikwithout motor

Breaking current Ib for short circuit far from generator

Ib = Ik

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Breaking Current
Calculation in non-meshed Networks

The breaking current IB at a short-circuit location, fed from sources which

are not meshed is the sum of the partial short-circuit currents:

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Breaking current
Decay of Current fed from Generators

IB = Ik

Factor to consider the decay of short circuit current fed from

generators.

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Breaking current
Decay of Current fed from Asynchronous Motors

IB = q Ik

Factor q to consider the decay of short circuit current fed from

asynchronous motors.

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Breaking Current
Calculation in meshed Networks

Simplified calculation:

Ib = Ik

For increased accuracy can be used:

U"Gi U"Mj
Ib I (1 i ) IkGi
" " "
k (1 jq j ) IkMj
i c Un / 3 j c Un / 3

" "
" "
UGi jX "diK IkGi UMj jXMj
"
IkMj

XdiK subtransient reactance of the synchronous machine (i)

XMj reactance of the asynchronous motors (j)
IkGi , IkMj contribution to initial symmetrical short-circuit current from the synchronous machines (i)
and the asynchronous motors (j) as measured at the machine terminals

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Continuous short circuit current

Continuous short circuit current Ik

r.m.s. value of short circuit current after decay of all transient

effects
depending on type and excitation of generators
statement in standard only for single fed short circuit
calculation by factors (similar to breaking current)

Continuous short circuit current is normally not calculated by

network calculation programs.

For short circuits far from generator and as worst case estimation

Ik = Ik

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Short-circuit with preload

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Short-circuit with preload
Principle

A Load flow calculation that considers all network parameters,

such as loads, tap positions, etc.

B Place voltage source with the voltage that was determined by

the load flow calculation at the fault location.

C Superposition of A and B

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Short-circuit with preload
Example

A Load flow calculation

B Short circuit calculation

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Short-circuit with preload
Results

Load flow Superposition: Load flow + feed back

50. A 40. A 40A 10A
153.95A 157.37A 208A 182A
2 50A 40A 3 40A 2 10A 2 203.95A 197.37A 168A 192A

1000V 720V
10A 50A
1000V -0V -0V
720V 1000V 720V
900V 780V 700V 900. V 700V
90 14 ~
-307.89V -364V
~ ~ 592.11V 336V ~
365.37A

Short-circuit: feed back Short-circuit with preload

153.95A 365.3A 182A 203.95A 197.37A 168A 192.0A

157.37A 208.0A 26A

0V 3.42A 1000V 6.58A 24A
0V
720V
592.11V 336V
307.89V 780V 364V ~ ~
365.37A

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Break time!

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Contact

Steffen Schmidt
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, Energy Sector
E D SE PTI NC

Freyeslebenstr. 1
91058 Erlangen

Phone: +49 9131 - 7 32764

Fax: +49 9131 - 7 32525

E-mail: [email protected]

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Thank you for your attention!

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