Broadband Technologies and

Applications: A Tutorial
Presentation by
Dale N. Hatfield
Adjunct Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder
at the
Wyoming Telecommunications Forum
Casper, Wyoming

June 29, 2006

 Introductio
n
Purpose:
To provide non-engineers with an overview of
major trends in telecommunications technology
and to reflect briefly on the policy and regulatory
implications of those trends
 Outline
The Digital Revolution
The Race for Broadband
The Wireless Revolution
The Role of the Internet, the Internet
Protocols and Intelligence at the Edge
Convergence and Its Implications
 The Digital
Revolution
Analog Signal

Intensity

Time
 The Digital
Revolution
Digital Signal

Intensity

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Time
 The Digital
Revolution
Analog and Digital Networks

1011001110010100110001101011

Time

Digital Network: voice, data, image and video

information carried as a sequence of ones and zeros
represented by pulses of current or light or radio waves
 The Digital
Revolution
Analog to Digital and Digital to
Analog Conversion

Sequence of Numbers (Transmitted as

a Sequence of Binary Numbers)
Analog Signal Analog Signal

12.3 12.6 12.9 13.6 13.9 14.8 14.1 13.9

A/D D/A

On and Off Pulses

Representing Binary
Numbers
 The Digital
Revolution
Why Digital?
Analog Amplification vs. Digital Regeneration

AMP AMP AMP

INPUT OUTPUT

Analog Amplification: Noise Accumulates

Repeater Repeater Repeater

INPUT

Digital Regeneration: Perfect Signal is Regenerated

 The Digital Revolution
Why Digital?
Digital Regeneration

Repeater

-- Other Advantages (Examples):

Ease of combining different kinds of signals
(multiplexing)
Rapid decline in costs and improvements in
performance of digital devices (chips)
Ease of encryption
 The Race for
Broadband
What Is Bandwidth?
In simple terms, bandwidth is just a measure of
how fast information can be transmitted
The larger the bandwidth, the more information
that can be transmitted in a given amount of time
In the digital world, bandwidth is measured in
bits per second
Analogous measures: vehicles per hour or
gallons per minute
 The Race for Broadband
What Is Bandwidth?
To over simplify:
Voice requires only narrow bandwidths
(narrowband)
Still images require wide bandwidths
(wideband)*
Video requires broad bandwidths
(broadband)

*For transmission of the image in a reasonable amount of time

 The Race for Broadband
Illustration of the Importance of Bandwidth

Computer Monitor
 The Wireless Revolution

What Is Spectrum?
Spectrum is a conceptual tool used to
organize and map a set of physical phenomena
Electric and magnetic fields produce
(electromagnetic) waves that move through
space at different frequencies
The set of all possible frequencies is called the
electromagnetic spectrum
 The Wireless Revolution
What Is Spectrum?
The subset of frequencies between 3,000 Hz
and 300 GHz is known as the radio spectrum
Note that radio waves do not require a medium
per se, that is, radio waves can travel through a
vacuum (e.g., outer space)

Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The Wireless Revolution
A Radio Communications Link

Antenna Antenna

Transmission Line Transmission Line

Transmitter Receiver

Radio Waves
 The Wireless Revolution
Relationship Between Frequency and
Wavelength
 The Wireless Revolution
Characteristics of Different Frequencies
Some Factors Vary with Frequency
How fast the wave weakens with distance
Size of efficient antennas
Ability of the waves to penetrate buildings
Ability of the waves to penetrate through trees and
other vegetation
Reflectivity of various objects to the waves
 The Wireless Revolution
Modulation and Demodulation
Transmitter and Receiver Basic Building
Blocks

DE-
MOD AMP AMP
MOD
INFO
OSC

INFO

Transmitter Receiver
 The Role of the Internet
Telephone Switching

Laura Robbins and Maud Ware at telephone switchboard 1910

Source: bchs.kearney.net/ BTales_198302.htm

 The Role of the Internet
A Telephone Switchboard

Plugs and
Jacks Cords

Wire Pairs = N = 8
 The Role of the Internet
A Simple Telephone Switch Manual or
Automatic
Service Mind of the Operator
Memory Logic Intelligence
(Service Layer)

Eyes, Ears, Limbs, Hands etc

Controller (Control Layer)

A
B
C
Incoming Lines/Trunks D Switch Matrix
E (Transport Layer
F

Switch Matrix
A B C D E F

Outgoing Lines Trunks

 The Role of the Internet
A Telephone Exchange
Edge
Edge Network

Services
Control
Transport
 The Role of the Internet
A Telephone Network
Edge
Edge Network

Interexchange, LD,
or Toll Trunks
Service Service
Control Control
Transport Transport

Exchange One Exchange Two

 The Role of the Internet
The Telegraph and Message Switching

Telegraph Key and Sounder Telegraph Relay Office

Telegraph Key and Sounder Image from: www.jerry-howell.com/ Telegraph.html

Telegraph Relay Office Image from: http://www.coloradoplains.com/otero/souvenir/page23.htm
 The Role of the Internet
A Message Switch

Telegram
To: Joe Smith, Anytown
From: Mary Jones, Sometown
Text: Happy Birthday
MMM

Telegram
To: Joe Smith, Anytown
From: Mary Jones, Sometown
Text: Happy Birthday
MMM

Message Switch
(Relay Office) Telegram
To: Joe Smith, Anytown
From: Mary Jones, Sometown
Text: Happy Birthday
MMM
 The Role of the Internet
A Packet of Information

Header Text Text Trailer

Address, Priority, User Information Error Detection

Packet Number, etc. Code etc.
(Redundant Bits)
 The Role of the Internet
A Packet Switch or Router

Packet Switch or
Router
 The Role of the Internet
A Packet Switched Network

To/From Other Nodes

Node Node

Packet Switch or Packet Switch or

Router Router
 The Role of the Internet
The Internet As a Cloud

Internet A Packet
Switched Network
Using the Internet
Protocol Suite
 The Role of the Internet
A Note on Latency and Quality of Service
(QoS)
In simple terms, latency just refers to delay
Latency is the amount of time it takes
information (e.g., a packet) to travel from
source to destination
 The Role of the Internet
In a packet switched network, latency is
associated with congestion produced by the
inability of packet switches to process packets
fast enough and/or by the lack of adequate
transmission capacity (bandwidth) between
packet switches
In combination, latency and bandwidth define
the speed and capacity of a network
Low latency is critical in voice
communications and certain real-time data
communications applications (e.g., interactive
games)
 The Role of the Internet
Architecture of the Traditional Public
Switched Telephone Network
Circuit switching
Dumb terminals with limited capabilities
Intelligence residing in switches, intelligent
peripherals, service control points, etc. interior
to the network
Services created inside the network
 The Role of the Internet

Architecture of Networks Based Upon the

Internet Protocol (IP)
Packet switching
Dumb network
Intelligent terminals (e.g., PCs) with a rich
set of capabilities
Services created in terminals/servers at the edge
of the network
 The Role of the Internet
Intelligence at the Edge of the Network

Server

Server
To Public Switched
Gate- Telephone Network
Internet A Packet way
Switched Network
Using the Internet
Protocol Suite
Adapter

PC/Client
Server
 The Role of the Internet
Network Trends/Goals from a
Technological Perspective:
All applications -- voice, data, image, video,
multimedia -- conveyed on an all digital,
packet-switched, broadband, low latency
network or platform
A network of networks platform that uses
common, open, non-proprietary standards
and protocols (e.g., the Internet Protocol --
IP)
 The Role of the Internet
Network Trends/Goals from a
Technological Perspective: (Contd)
Extension of this platform using wireless
technology to allow users to communicate
anyplace, anytime, in any mode or combination
of modes.
 The Role of the Internet
Integrated Network with
Integrated Access
Integrated End User Device
(Voice, Data, Video,
Multimedia)
Customer Node Network Node
IP Based
Network

Access Network: DSL,

Cable Modem, Wireless
(Cellular, Wi-Fi, etc),
Satellite, Other

Customer Premises Access Local/Regional Backbone

 Convergence
Traditional Silos of Service/Regulation

Title II Title III Title III Title VI

Wireline Wireless Broadcast Cable

Telephony Telephony Radio/TV Television

Common Carrier Wireless Broadcast Bureau Cab;e Television

Bureau Now the Telecommunications Now Part of the Bureau Now Part of
Wireline Competition Bureau Media Bureau the Mass Media
Bureau Bureau

Note: Titles refer to the Communications Act of 1934 (as amended); Bureaus
refer to organizational units within the FCC

Sources: Newman, Whitt, Sicker, others

 Convergence
Converged Networks Services

Applications

Voice, data, still image, video

(telephony, email, WWW, video, etc.)

TCP/IP

(The Internet Protocol Suite)

Medium

Cable, wireless (3G, WiFi, WiMax),

DSL, FTTH, etc.
 Contact
Information
Dale N. Hatfield
Adjunct Professor
Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program
University of Colorado at Boulder
Engineering Center - ECOT-311
Campus Box 530
Boulder, CO 80309-0530
Main Tel: +1 303-492-8916
Direct Dial: +1 303-492-6648
Fax: +1 303-492-1112
Email: [email protected]
or [email protected]