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Salkind PPT ch02 8E

salkind

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137 views31 pages

Salkind PPT ch02 8E

salkind

Uploaded by

rasheed265
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Research

Process:
Coming to
Terms

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Describe the research process from formulating
questions to seeking and finding solutions.
Describe the difference between dependent and
independent variables.
Identify other types of variables that may
interfere with the research process.
Define a hypothesis and describe how it works.
Discuss the value of the null hypothesis.

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Describe the differences between a null
hypothesis and a research hypothesis.
List the characteristics of a good
hypothesis.
Explain the difference between a sample
and the population.
Define statistical significance and explain its
importance.

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


From Problem to Solution
All About Variables
Other Important Types of Variables
Hypotheses
Samples and Populations
The Concept of Significance

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Increasing our understanding of how and
why we behave the way we do!!

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


From Problem to Solution
Noting an interesting question
Stating the question in such a way that it can be
answered
The Language of Research

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Variables are a class of outcomes that can
take on more than one value
Hair (2 levels @ values): (1) Black (2) Blond
Age (2 levels @ values): (1) Young (2) Old
Exercise (3 levels @ values) (1) Aerobic (2)
Anaerobic (3) Flexibility
The more precisely a variable is measured,
the more useful the measurement is

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


The outcomes of a research study
Depend on the experimental treatment

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Treatments or conditions under control of
the researcher
Levelsat least two different values of the
independent variable must be present

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Independent variable is not confounded
Levels do not vary systematically with other
variables
Dependent variable is sensitive to
changes in the independent variable

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Control Variable: Has a potential influence
on the dependent variable
Extraneous Variable: Has an unpredictable
impact on the dependent variable
Moderator Variable: Variables related to
independent or dependent variables, and
hiding the true relationship between
independent and dependent variables

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Type of Definition Other Terms


Variable You Might See

A variable that is measured to see whether the Outcome variable


Dependent treatment or manipulation of the independent Results variable
variable had an effect Criterion variable

Treatment
A variable that is manipulated to examine its impact
Independent Factor
on a dependent variable
Predictor variable

A variable that is related to the dependent variable, Restricting


Control
the influence of which needs to be removed variable

A variable that is related to the dependent variable Threatening


Extraneous or independent variable that is not part of the
variable
experiment

A variable that is related to the dependent variable Interacting


Moderator or independent variable and has an impact on the
variable
dependent variable

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Reflects the general problem under study
Restates the general problem in a form that
is precise enough to allow testing

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


States that there is no relationship between
the independent and dependent variables
under study

Ho: 1 = 2

Ho: Null hypothesis


1: Theoretical average of population 1
2: Theoretical average of population 2

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


A starting point for analysis
Accepted as true absent other information
Assumes that chance caused any observed
differences

Provides a benchmark for comparison

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


A statement of inequality
A relationship exists between the
independent and dependent variables

H1: X1 X2
H1: Research hypothesis
X1: Theoretical average of population 1
X2: Theoretical average of population 2

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Groups are different, but direction is not specified
H1: X X
1 2

Directional Research Hypothesis


Groups are different, and direction is specified
H1: X >X
1 2
H1: X <X
1 2

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Directly tested during research process

To compare against null hypothesis

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Null Research
Equality between Inequality between
variables variables
Refers to population Refers to sample
Indirectly tested Directly tested
Stated using Greek Stated using Roman
symbols () symbols (X )
Implied Explicit

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Is stated in declarative form
Posits a relationship between variables
Reflects theory or literature
Is brief and to the point
Is testable

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
The SAMPLE is a representative portion of a
POPULATION
The POPULATION is the entire group of
interest
Results from the SAMPLE should generalize
to the POPULATION

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.
Observed differences (PROBABLY) result
from the treatment and not from chance

Why?
Influences other than the treatment

Significance level = risk associated with not


being 100% certain that null hypothesis is
incorrect

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Describe the research process from formulating
questions to seeking and finding solutions?
Describe the difference between dependent and
independent variables?
Identify other types of variables that may
interfere with the research process?
Define a hypothesis and describe how it works?
Discuss the value of the null hypothesis?

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.


Describe the differences between a null
hypothesis and a research hypothesis?
List the characteristics of a good
hypothesis?
Explain the difference between a sample
and the population?
Define statistical significance and explain its
importance?

2011 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind.

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