Lecture 7

Overview of Network Security

Mohamed Sharif

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 Presentation Content

• What is Internet?
• What do we need to protect?
• Threat Motivation
• Attack Types
• Security Objectives
• Security mechanisms
• References

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 What is Internet?

• The Internet is a worldwide IP network,

that links collection of different
networks from various sources,
governmental, educational and
commercial.

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 What do we need to protect

• Data
• Resources
• Reputation

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 Threat Motivation

• Spy
• Joyride
• Ignorance
• Score Keeper
• Revenge
• Greed
• Terrorist
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 Types of Attacks

• Passive
• Active
– Denial of Services
– Social Engineering

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 TCP 3 way handshake

Client Server

SYN(X)

SYN(Y), ACK(X)
Half open

ACK(Y)

Full open
X, Y are sequence numbers
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 TCP Session Hijack

Attacker Server
Valid TCP Connection

Initiate TCP with 146.135.12.1 as source

Complete TCP Connection

SYN(X)

Half open SYN(Y), ACK(X)

Client, 146.135.12.1
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 Security Objectives
• Identification
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Access Control
• Data Integrity
• Confidentiality
• Non-repudiation

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 Identification
• Something which uniquely identifies a
user and is called UserID.
• Sometime users can select their ID as
long as it is given too another user.
• UserID can be one or combination of
the following:
– User Name
– User Student Number
– User SSN

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 Authentication
• The process of verifying the identity of
a user
• Typically based on
– Something user knows
• Password
– Something user have
• Key, smart card, disk, or other device
– Something user is
• fingerprint, voice, or retinal scans

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 Authentication Cont.
• Authentication procedure
– Two-Party Authentication
• One-Way Authentication
• Two-Way Authentication
– Third-Party Authentication
• Kerberos
• X.509
– Single Sign ON
• User can access several network resources
by logging on once to a security system.

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 C lie n t S e rv e r

U se rID & P a ssw o rd

O n e -w a y A u th e n tic a tio n

A u th e n tic a te d

S e rv e rID &
T w o -w a y A u th e n tic a tio n
P a ssw o rd

A u th e n tic a te d

T w o - P a r ty A u th e n tic a tio n s

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 S e c u r ity S e r v e r

Se
d
or

rv
sw

er
as

ID
ed
,P

,P
at
ID

as
Au
ic
nt

sw
th
nt
ie

e
e

or
nt
Cl

th

d
ic
Au

at
ed
Exchange Keys
C lie n t S e rv e r
E x c h a n g e D a ta

T h ir d -P a r ty A u th e n tic a tio n s

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 Authorization

• The process of assigning access right

to user

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 Access Control
• The process of enforcing access right
• and is based on following three entities
– Subject
• is entity that can access an object
– Object
• is entity to which access can be controlled
– Access Right
• defines the ways in which a subject can
access an object.

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 Access Control Cont.
• Access Control is divided into two
– Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
• The owner of the object is responsible for
setting the access right.
– Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
• The system defines access right based on
how the subject and object are classified.

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 Data Integrity.

• Assurance that the data that

arrives is the same as when it was
sent.

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 Confidentiality

• Assurance that sensitive

information is not visible to an
eavesdropper. This is usually
achieved using encryption.

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 Non-repudiation

• Assurance that any transaction

that takes place can subsequently
be proved to have taken place.
Both the sender and the receiver
agree that the exchange took
place.

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 Security Mechanisms

• Web Security
• Cryptographic techniques
• Internet Firewalls

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 Web Security

• Basic Authentication
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

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 Basic Authentication

A simple user ID and password-based

authentication scheme, and provides the
following:
– To identify which user is accessing the server
– To limit users to accessing specific pages
(identified as Universal Resource Locators, URLs

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 Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

• Netscape Inc. originally created the SSL protocol, but

now it is implemented in World Wide Web browsers and
servers from many vendors. SSL provides the following
- Confidentiality through an encrypted connection based on
symmetric keys
- Authentication using public key identification and verification
- Connection reliability through integrity checking
• There are two parts to SSL standard, as follows:
 The SSL Handshake is a protocol for initial authentication and
transfer of encryption keys.
 The SSL Record protocol is a protocol for transferring encrypted
data

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 Secure Socket Layer Cont..
 The client sends a "hello" message to the Web server, and the
server responds with a copy of its digital certificate.
 The client decrypts the server's public key using the well-known
public key of the Certificate Authority such as VeriSign.
 The client generates two random numbers that will be used for
symmetric key encryption, one number for the receiving channel
and one for the sending channel. These keys are encrypted
using the server's public key and then transmitted to the server.
 The client issues a challenge (some text encrypted with the
send key) to the server using the send symmetric key and waits
for a response from the server that is using the receive
symmetric key.
 Optional, server authenticates client
 Data is exchanged across the secure channel.

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 Cryptographic Techniques

• Secret Key Algorithm

• Public Key Algorithm
• Secure Hash Function
• Digital Signature
• Certificate Authority

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 Secret Key Algorithm

S e c re t K e y S e c re t K e y

E n c r y p t io n D e c r y p tio n
C le a r T e x t C ip h e r T e x t C le a r T e x t

Bob A lic e

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 Public Key Algorithm

A lic e 's P u b lic A lic e 's

Key P r iv a te K e y

E n c r y p tio n D e c r y p tio n
C le a r T e x t C ip h e r T e x t C le a r T e x t

Bob A lic e

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 Secure Hash Function
M essag
Key
D ig e s t

C le a r Hash
Text F u n c tio n
C o m p u te d
M essag
K ey D ig e s t
O r ig in a l O r ig in a l
C le a r C le a r
Text Text
Hash
F u n c tio n

Non-
O r ig in a l S e c u re O r ig in a l
M essage N e tw o rk M essage C o m p a re
D ig e s t D ig e s t ?

Bob A lic e

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 Digital Signature

A lic e 's A lic e 's

P r iv a te K e y P u b lic K e y

D e c r y p tio n &
E n c r y p tio n
A u th e n tic a tio n
C le a r T e x t C ip h e r T e x t C le a r T e x t

A lic e Bob

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 Certificate Authority

R e q u e s t B o b 's C e r tific a te
P u b lic K e y A u th o r ity P u b lis h P u b lic
Key

B o b 's P u b lic
Key

A lic e Bob
C ip h e r T e x t

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 X.509 Certificate
• Is a ITU-T Recommendation.
• Specifies the authentication service for X.500
directories
• X.500 specifies the directory services.
• Version 1 was published in 1988.
• Version 2 was published in 1993.
• Version 3 was proposed in 1994 and approved
in 1997.
• Binds the subject (user's) name and the user's
public key.
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 X.509 Certificate (cont..)
• X09 certificate consists of the following fields:
– Version
– Serial Number
– Algorithm Identifier
– Issuer name
– Validity period
– Subject name
– Subject public key information
– Issuer unique identifier (Version 2 & 3 only)
– Subject unique identifier (Version 2 & 3 only)
– Extensions (Version 3 only)
– Signature

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 X.509 Certificate (Cont..)
• Version 1
– Basic
• Version 2
– Adds unique identifier to prevent reuse of X.500
• Version 3
– Adds extension to carry additional information and
some of them are
• Distinguish different certificates
• Alternative to X.500 name
• Limit on further certification by subject
• Policy and Usage

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 X.509 Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
• Is to prevent fraud and misuse.
• A certificate may be revoked for one the
following reason:
– The user’s private is compromised
– The user is no longer certified by this CA
– The CA’s private key a compromised
• Version 1 was published in 1988.
• Version 2 was published in 1997.

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 X.509 CRL (cont..)

• X09 CRL consists of the following fields:

– Version
– Serial Number
– Revocation Date
– Algorithm Identifier
– Issuer name
– Last update
– Next update
– Extensions (Version 2 only)
– Signature

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 Internet Firewall
• A firewall is to control traffic flow between
networks.
• Firewall uses the following techniques:
– Packet Filters
– Application Proxy
– Socks servers
– Secure Tunnel
– Screened Subnet Architecture

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 Packet Filtering
• Most commonly used firewall technique
• Operates at IP level
• Checks each IP packet against the filter rules
before passing (or not passing) it on to its
destination.
• Very fast than other firewall techniques
• Hard to configure

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 Packet Filter Cont..

Packet
N o n -S e c u re S e c u re
F ilte r in g
N e tw o rk N e tw o rk
S e rv e r

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 Application Proxy
• Application Level Gateway
• The communication steps are as follows
– User connects to proxy server
– From proxy server, user connects to destination
server
• Proxy server can provide
– Content Screening
– Logging
– Authentication

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 Application (telnet) Proxy Cont..

N o n -S e c u re T e ln e td T e ln e t S e c u re
T e ln e t T e ln e td
N e tw o rk N e tw o rk

P o rx y S e rv e r

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 SOCKS Server
• Circuit-level gateways
• Generally for outbound TCP traffic from
secure network
• Client code must be installed on the user’s
machine.
• The communication steps are as follows:
– User starts application using destination server IP address
– SOCKS server intercepts and authenticates the IP address
and the userID
– SOCKS creates a second session to non-secure system

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 Socks Servers Cont..

S ta n d a rd S o c k S ifie d
Non- S e rv e r C lie n t
Socks S e c u re
S e c u re
s e rv e r N e tw o rk
N e tw o rk

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 Secure Tunnel Cont..
R e m o te A c c e s s

B u s in e s s P a r tn e r
C o p o r a te In tr a n e t

W o r k s ta tio n

W o r k s ta tio n
VPN R o u te r L a p to p
L a p to p
R o u te r

In te r n e t s e rv e r

s e rv e r

B r a n c h O ffic e

W o r k s ta tio n

R o u te r L a p to p

s e rv e r

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 Secure IP Tunnel

• A secure channel between the secure network

and an external trusted server through a non-
secure network (e.g., Internet)
• Encrypts the data between the Firewall and the
external trusted host
• Also identifies of the session partners and the
messages authenticity

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 VPN Solutions
• IP Security (IPSec)
• Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP)
• Virtual Circuits
• Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

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 IPSec Solution

• IPSec is an Internet standard for

ensuring secure private communication
over IP networks, and it was developed
by IPSec working group of IETF
• IPSec implements network layer
security

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 Principle of IPSec protocols
• Authentication Header (AH)
– Provides data origin authentication, data integrity and replay
protection
• Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
– Provides data confidentiality, data origin authentication, data
integrity and replay protection
• Internet Security Association and Key Management
Protocol (ISAKMP) or Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
– Provides a method for automatically setting up security association
and managing their cryptographic key.
• Security Association (SA)
– Provides all the relevant information that communicating systems
need to execute the IPSec protocols.

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 Operation Modes of IPSec

• Transport Mode
– The IP payload is encrypted and the IP headers are left
alone

IP Header Payload

The IP datagram is encrypted

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 Operation Modes of IPSec Conti...

• Tunnel Mode
– The entire original IP datagram is encrypted and it becomes
the payload in the new IP

New IP Header IP Header Payload

The original IP datagram is the encrypted and is

payload for the new IP header

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 IPSec Example
• This example combines IPSec protocols and is AH in tunnel mode
protecting ESP traffic in transport mode. This example assume that
the SA’s for communicates points have set up.
Branch Office
Coporate Intranet

Workstation
Workstation

Laptop
G1 G2 Laptop

Internet
server server
H1 H2

AH in Tunnel Mode

ESP in Transport Mode

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 IP Header
H1 to H2
Payload

IP Header
H1 to H2
ESP Hdr. Payload ESP Trl. ESP Auth.

Encrypted

New IP Hdr. IP Header

G1 to G2
AH Hdr. H1 to H2 ESP Hdr. Payload ESP Trl. ESP Auth.

Encrypted

Authenticated

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 New IP Hdr. IP Header
G1 to G2
AH Hdr. H1 to H2
ESP Hdr. Payload ESP Trl. ESP Auth.

Encrypte
d

Authenticated

IP Header
H1 to H2
ESP Hdr. Payload ESP Trl. ESP Auth.

Encrypte
d

IP Header
H1 to H2
Payload

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 Screened Subnet Architecture Cont..

FTP
Socks
P ro x y
S e rve r
S e rv e r

Non-
Packet S c re e n e d Packet S e c u re
S e c u re D
F ilte r in g Subnet F ilte r in g N e tw o rk
N e tw o rk

HTTP T e le n t
P ro x y P ro x y
S e rve r S e rv e r
D e m ilita r iz e d Z o n e (D M Z )

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 Screened Subnet Architecture

• The DMZ (perimeter network) is set up

between the secure and non-secure networks

• It is accessible from both networks and

contains machines that act as gateways for
specific applications

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 Firewall Conclusion
• Not the complete answer
• The fox is inside the henhouse
• Host security + User education
• Cannot control back door traffic
• any dial-in access
• Management problems
• Cannot fully protect against new viruses
• Antivirus on each host Machine
• Needs to be correctly configured
• The security policy must be enforced

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