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SAMPLING

The document discusses research methodology and sampling techniques. It defines key concepts like population, sample, sampling methods and sampling errors. It explains the need for sampling due to factors like being less time consuming, cost effective and preserving accuracy in research. Different probability and non-probability sampling methods are described along with the principles of statistical regularity and inertia of large numbers. Types of sampling errors and non-sampling errors are also outlined.

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Deepika Padukone
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

SAMPLING

The document discusses research methodology and sampling techniques. It defines key concepts like population, sample, sampling methods and sampling errors. It explains the need for sampling due to factors like being less time consuming, cost effective and preserving accuracy in research. Different probability and non-probability sampling methods are described along with the principles of statistical regularity and inertia of large numbers. Types of sampling errors and non-sampling errors are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Deepika Padukone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Methodology

Dr. Akshay Kumar Satsangi


Department of Management,
Faculty of Social Sciences,
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra
India.
WHAT WHY

HOW
Meaning of Sampling
Sampling is a process of studying few
units from the population.

A sample is a subset of the population.

Sampling is unavoidable, integral part of


decision making in human life.
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SAMPLING.

STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

4
Need of Sampling
Less time consuming.

Cost effective.

Preservative Value.

Research Accuracy.

5
A Big Challenge

TRUE AND FAIR REPRESENTATION

6
Sampling
Methods

Probability Non probability


Methods of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Random Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling
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Non probability Sampling Methods
Convenience Sampling

Deliberate Sampling

Quota Sampling

Snowball Sampling
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Principles of
Sampling

Statistical Inertia of Large


Regularity Numbers
Principle of Statistical Regularity
Based on the mathematical theory of
probability.

The law of statistical regularity lays down


that a moderately large number of items
chosen at random from a large group are
almost sure on the average to process the
characteristic of the large group.
This principle emphasizes on two factors:

1. Sample size should be large.

2. Samples must be drawn randomly.

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Principle of Inertia of Large Numbers
This principle states that under similar
conditions, as the sample size gets large
enough, the statistical inference is likely to
be more accurate and stable.
Example: If a coin is tossed a large
number of times, then relative frequency
of occurrence of head and tail is expected
to be equal.
Types of Bias

Under
Non response
coverage
Wording
Under Coverage Bias
This bias occurs when a random sample
chosen does not represent the population
of interest. For example, passengers at a
railway station are surveyed to determine
attitude towards buying station tickets, the
results are not likely to represent all
passengers at railway station.
Non-response Bias
This bias occurs when only a small
number of respondents respond or return
their questionnaire. The sample results
would be biased because only those
respondents who were particularly
concerned about the subject chose to
respond.
Wording Bias

This bias occurs when respondents respond


differently from how they truly feel. It may
be due to reason that the questionnaire
contains questions that tend to confuse the
respondents.
Survey Errors

Sampling Non-sampling
Errors Errors
Sampling Error
It is defined as the magnitude of the
difference between the point estimate,
developed from the sample, and the
population parameter.

It refers to the difference between the


actual value and estimated value.
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Handling Sampling Errors

Optimistic Approach.

Statistical Tools.

. Follow up.

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Non Sampling Errors
It can occur in both a census and a
sample survey.
Measurement error
Errors due to nonresponse
Lack of respondent knowledge
Selection error
Processing error
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Features of a Good Sample Design
It should be a true representative.
It should have minimum sampling errors.
It must be viable in the context of the
study.
The results must be applicable, in general,
for the universe with a reasonable level of
confidence.
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Terminology Used in Sample Surveys

An element is the entity on which


data are collected.
A population is the collection of all
elements of interest.
A sample is a subset of the
population.
Sampling unit may be geographical,
social, construction or individual.
The target population is the population
we want to make inferences about.
The sampled population is the
population from which the sample is
actually selected.
Sampling frame, also known as source
list is a list of elements from which the
sample is actually drawn.
Sample size refers to number of items
to be selected from the universe
constitute a sample fulfilling the
requirements of representativeness,
reliability and flexibility.
Sample statistics are descriptors of the
relevant variables computed from the
sample which are estimators of population
parameters.
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Thank You

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Non Sampling Error
Processing Error
Data is incorrectly recorded.
Data is incorrectly transferred from recording forms to computer files.
Selection Error
An inappropriate item is included in the survey.
Errors Due to Lack of Respondent Knowledge
These errors on common in technical surveys.
Some rErrors Due to Nonresponse
They occur when no data can be obtained, or only partial data are obtained, for some of the
units surveyed.
The problem is most serious when a bias is created.
eMeasurement Error
Measuring instruments are not properly calibrated.
People taking the measurements are not properly trained.
spondents might be more capable than others of answering technical questions.
For example, in a survey of small truck owners some interviewers include SUV owners
while other interviewers do not.

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It occurs because not every element in
the population is surveyed.

It cannot occur in a census.

It can not be avoided, but it can be


controlled.
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The sampling frame is the list from which the
potential respondents are drawn
Registrars office
Class rosters
Must assess sampling frame errors
Based on sample results, called sample
statistics, statistical inferences are made about
the population characteristic.

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