Object Persistence using Hibernate

An Object-Relational mapping framework

for object persistence
 What Hibernate Does
Object - Relational mapping
Transparent persistence & retrieval of objects
Persistence of associations and collections
Guaranteed uniqueness of an object (within a session)
 Hibernate Features
O-R mapping using ordinary JavaBeans
Can set attributes using private fields or private setter
methods
Lazy instantiation of collections (configurable)
Polymorphic queries, object-oriented query language
Cascading persist & retrieve for associations, including
collections and many-to-many
Transaction management with rollback
Can integrate with other container-provided services
 Application Architecture

User Interface
UI event data xfer object
Application Logic
data request domain object
Domain Objects DAO
Hibernate API domain object
SessionFactory
Hibernate
hibernate.cfg.xml
JDBC API ResultSet, etc.
*.hbm.xml class mappings
Foundation Classes JDBC
 Another View

Source: Hibernate Reference Manual (online)

 Example of Persisting an Object
// get a Hibernate SessionFactory for Session management
sessionFactory = new Configuration()
.configure().buildSessionFactory();

// an Event object that we want to save

Location ku = new Location( "Kasetsart University" );
ku.setAddress( "90 Pahonyotin Road; Bangkok" );
Event event = new Event("Java Days");
event.setLocation( ku );

Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();

Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.save( event );
tx.commit();
session.close();
 Example of Retrieving an Object
// use the existing session factory
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();

// query Event objects for "Java Days"

Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Event where name='Java Days'" );
List events = query.list( );
out.println("Upcoming Java Days events: ");
for( Object obj : events ) {
Event event = (Event) obj;
String name = event.getName( );
Location loc = event.getLocation( );
...
}
tx.commit( );
 Using Named Parameters in Query
// use the existing session factory
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();

// Hibernate Query Language (HQL) can use named params

Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Event where name=:name");
query.setParameter( "name", "Java Days");
List events = query.list( );

out.println("Upcoming Java Days events: ");

for( Object obj : events ) {
Event event = (Event) obj;
String name = event.getName( );
Location loc = event.getLocation( );
...
 Exercise 1
Configure a project with Hibernate
create an EventManager project
add Hibernate libraries to the project
add JAR for database driver
create a hibernate.cfg.xml file
create log4j.properties
 Project Configuration for Hibernate
EventManager/ the project base directory
src/
hibernate.cfg.xml Hibernate configuration file
log4j.properties Log4J configuration file
eventmgr/ base package is "eventmgr"
domain/
Location.java
location.hbm.xml O-R mapping file for a class
build/
hibernate.cfg.xml copied here by IDE during build
log4j.properties copied here by IDE during build
eventmgr/
domain/
Location.class
location.hbm.xml copied here by IDE during build
lib/
hibernate3.jar Hibernate requires several jars
asm.jar
...
 Where to Get Hibernate

http://www.hibernate.org Local copy:

http://se.cpe.ku.ac.th/download/hibernate
 Required Hibernate Libraries
Libraries are in lib/ directory Required Libraries
of Hibernate distribution. hibernate3.jar
antlr-2.7.6.jar
Which ones do you need? asm.jar
cglib.jar
See _README.txt or my
commons-collections.jar
Using Hibernate notes.
commons-logging.jar
dom4j.jar
In your IDE:
ehcache.jar
create a Hibernate "library" jta.jar
log4j.jar
add JARs to the library
// and maybe
better than copying JAR xml-apis.jar
files to your project
 Create a Hibernate Library in Eclipse
1. Project -> Properties -> Java Build Path
2. select Libraries tab.
3. Click "Add Library..." and select "User Library", Next>
4. Create a new user library named "Hibernate"
5. Add Jar files
Add Library or jar for Database Driver
For Embedded Derby Database
/path-to-derby/lib/derby.jar
For HSQLDB
/path-to-hsqldb/lib/hsqldb.jar
 hibernate.cfg.xml for Embedded Derby DB
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-
configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.DerbyDialect</property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">
org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver</property>
<property name="connection.url">
jdbc:derby:/temp/eventmgr;create=true</property>
<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">create</property>
<!-- O-R mappings for persistent classes -->
<mapping resource="eventmgr/domain/Location.hbm.xml"/>
</session-factory>
Remove after database created
</hibernate-configuration>
 hibernate.cfg.xml for MySQL
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect </property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver </property>
<property name="connection.username">student</property>
<property name="connection.password">secret </property>
<property name="connection.url">
jdbc:mysql://se.cpe.ku.ac.th/eventmgr </property>
<!-- Object-Relational mappings for classes -->
<mapping resource="eventmgr/domain/Location.hbm.xml"/>
... other mappings omitted
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
 XML Syntax, 1
XML Declaration: "this file contains XML"
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
Root Element: "this whole file is a hibernate-configuration"
<hibernate-configuration>
content of document goes here
<hibernate-configuration>
Child Elements: define content, have a tree-like nested structure
<session-factory>
...
</session-factory>
Tree structure & Scope: all elements must have a closing tag
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS"> a start element
<property name="location" /> element start & end
</class> an end tag
 XML Syntax, 2
Attributes: values must always be quotes, no duplicates
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
Special characters: < > & ' " must use reference except in CDATA
<message>
&quot;Hello &lt;b&gt;world&lt;/b&gt;&quot
</message>
Child Elements can be repeated (depends on DTD)
<courselist name="courses">
<course>object oriented programming</course>
<course>software spec &amp; design</course>
</courselist>
Elements can sometimes be written as attributes
<course>
<id>219341</id> <course id="219341"/>
</course>
 Logging
Hibernate apps will log errors and/or activity.
Two choices:
Java SDK logging (since JDK 1.4)
Log4j
if you use Log4j, create a log4j.properties in
your application source root directory.
Copy this file from the Hibernate etc/ directory.
 Sample log4j.properties
Too long to print here
See an actual file, for example:
[hibernate.dir]/doc/tutorial/src/log4j.properties

Configuration logging of Hibernate:

log4j.logger.org.hibernate=warn
Log the SQL generated by Hibernate:
#log4j.logger.org.hibernate.SQL=debug
Log JDBC bind parameters (can be security leak):
log4j.logger.org.hibernate.type=info
 Exercise 2
Define a Location class and LOCATIONS table
Write the class
Create a mapping file for Location: Location.hbm.xml
 Create the Location class
Location class
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String

LOCATIONS table (Hibernate can auto-generate this)

LOCATIONS
PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR(80)
address VARCHAR(160)
 Write the Location class
package eventmgr.domain;
public class Location {
private int id; Use JavaBean conventions
private String name; in Persistent object classes.
private String address;

public Location() { } // a no argument constructor

public int getId( ) { return id; }

public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; }
public String getName( ) { return name; }
public void setName( String n ) { this.name = n; }
public String getAddress( ) { return address; }
public void setAddress( String a ) { address = a; }
}
Hibernate can access private methods
package eventmgr.domain;
public class Location {
private int id;
private String name;
private String address;
OK to use "private" or
public Location() { } "protected" for mutators.

public int getId( ) { return id; }

private void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; }
public String getName( ) { return name; }
private void setName( String n ) { this.name = n; }
public String getAddress( ) { return address; }
private void setAddress( String a ) { address = a; }
}
Hibernate can access private data, too
public class Location {
private int id;
private String name;

private void setName( String name ) {

if ( name.length() < 3 )
new RuntimeException("name too short");
...
} Some mutator methods contain data validity
checks or other complicated logic.

to tell Hibernate to set the field values directly (don't use the "set"
method) in the class mapping file write:

<hibernate-mapping default-access="field">
...
 Schema to create Locations table
This works for MySQL.
Hibernate can generate table schema at runtime.

CREATE TABLE locations (

id INTEGER NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL,
address VARCHAR(160),
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ;

mysql> use eventmgr ;

mysql> source tableschema.sql ;
 O-R Mapping for the Location class
Map between object attributes and table columns.
Location
id: int
name: String
address: String

O-R Mapping requires a mapping file

LOCATIONS
PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR(80)
address VARCHAR(160)
 Mapping File Location.hbm.xml
An XML file describing how to map object to table.
Filename: Location.hbm.xml
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >

<hibernate-mapping package="eventmgr.domain">
<class name="Location" table="LOCATIONS">
<id name="id" column="id">
<!-- let hibernate choose id for new entities -->
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="name" column="name" not-null="true"/>
<property name="address"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
 Mapping File Explained
root element of a hibernate mapping
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="eventmgr.domain.Location"
table="LOCATIONS"
options... >
<id name="id"
column="id"
mapping for one class
unsaved-value="0">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
object attribute mappings
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

Every persistent class needs an "identifier" attribute and column.

The identifier is used to establish object identity (obj1 == obj2) and locate the
table row for a persisted object. The id is usually the Primary Key of the table.
 Attribute Mapping: <property .../>
Name of the attribute in Java class
Column name in the
database table
<property name="name"
column="name Hibernate or Java data
type=name type (usually you can
not-null="true omit it)
/>
Constraints

You omit elements if Hibernate can guess the value itself:

<property name="address" column="ADDRESS" type="string"/>

<!-- omit data type and Hibernate will determine it -->
<property name="address" column="ADDRESS"/>
<!-- omit column if same as attribute (ignoring case)-->
<property name="address"/>
 What you have so far
Project configured for Hibernate
Hibernate configuration file
Location class and mapping file Location.hbm.xml
Configure a database schema
(for learning, we will auto-generate schema)
 HibernateUtil: a Session Factory (1)
// always use the same sessionFactory (Singleton)
SessionFactory sessionFactory = new Configuration()
.configure().buildSessionFactory();
// use sessionFactory to get a Session
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
// or the more convenient:
Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();

HibernateUtil 1
-sessionFactory: SessionFactory
+getSessionFactory( ): SessionFactory
+getCurrentSession( ): Session
+openSession( ): Session
 HibernateUtil: a Session Factory (2)
public class HibernateUtil {
private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;
private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(..);

public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {

if ( sessionFactory == null ) {
try { // Create the SessionFactory
sessionFactory = new Configuration()
.configure().buildSessionFactory();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("sessionFactory error "+ ex);
log.error("SessionFactory creation failed", ex);
//throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
}
return sessionFactory;
HibernateUtil: a Session Factory (3)
/**
* Get the current Hibernate session.
* This creates a new session if no current session.
* @return the current Hibernate Session
*/
public static Session getCurrentSession() {
return getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
}

public static Session openSession() {

return getSessionFactory().openSession();
}
 Persistence Test: LocationTest.java
public class TestLocation {
public static void testSave() {
Location loc1 = new Location( );
loc1.setName("Kasetsart University");
loc1.setAddress("90 Pahonyotin Rd, Bangkok");
Location loc2 = new Location();
loc2.setName("UCLA");
loc2.setAddress("Westwood, California");

Session session =
HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.saveOrUpdate( loc1 );
session.saveOrUpdate( loc2 );
tx.commit();
System.out.println("Locations saved");
}
 Persistence Test: LocationTest.java
public static void testQuery() {
System.out.println("Retrieving locations");
Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();

Query query = session.createQuery("from Location");

// query.list() returns objects, cast to List<Location>
List<Location> list = (List<Location>)query.list( );
tx.commit();

for(Location l : list ) out.printf("%d %s %s\n",

l.getId(), l.getName(), l.getAddress() );
if ( session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}

public static void main( String [] args) {

testSave( ); testQuery( );
 Exercise 3
Test object uniqueness:
In one session get the same location two times and
compare using (ku1 == ku2). Are they same?
In different sessions get the same location and
compare (ku1 == ku2). Are they same?
Test transparent persistence:
Modify a location inside a session. Does database
change?
Reattach a modified object to new session. Does
database change?
 Getting a Unique Result
Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Location where name=Kasetsart University");
// query.uniqueResult() returns only first match
Location ku1 = (Location) query.uniqueResult( );

Pattern matches "like" - use "%" as wildcard character

Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Location l where l.name like 'Kasetsart%'");
// query.uniqueResult() returns only first match
Location ku1 = (Location) query.uniqueResult( );
 Mapping a Class with Associations

Event Location
id: long id: int
* 1
name: String name: String
startDate: Date address: String
location: Location

Simplified version of Event class.

 O-R Mapping of n-to-1 Associations

Event Location
id: long id: int
* 1
name: String name: String
startDate: Date address: String
location: Location
The Data Mapper converts a n-to-1
association to a foreign key relation (persist)
or foreign key to object (retrieve).

EVENTS LOCATIONS
PK id BIGINT PK id INTEGER
name VARCHAR name VARCHAR
start_date TIMESTAMP address VARCHAR
FK location_id INTEGER
 Mapping for Event (Event.hbm.xml)
Use <many-to-one name="attribute" ... />
to map a reference to another object.
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >
<hibernate-mapping package="eventmgr.domain">
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
...

<property name="startDate" column="start_date"

type="timestamp" />
<many-to-one name="location" column="location_id"
class="Location" />
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

you can omit class (Hibernate can determine itself)

 Test: Save an Event
public static void testSave() {
Location loc1 = new Location( );
loc1.setName("Kasetsart University");
loc1.setAddress("90 Pahonyotin Rd, Bangkok");

Event event = new Event( );

event.setName("Java Days");
event.setLocation( loc1 );
event.setStartDate( new Date(108,Calendar.JULY, 1) );

Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();

Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.saveOrUpdate( event );
tx.commit();
System.out.println("Event saved");
}
 Did you get an Error?
The Location doesn't exist in database (transient object).
Exception in thread "main
org.hibernate.TransientObjectException:
object references an unsaved transient instance
- save the transient instance before flushing:
eventmgr.domain.Location
 Persisting the Event location
Solutions:
1. save location during the transaction (manual save)
2. tell Hibernate to cascade the save operation
(automatically save Location)

<many-to-one name="location" column="location_id"

class="Location"
cascade="save-update" />

cascade="none" don't cascade operations

"all" cascade all operations (be careful)
"save-update" cascade save and updates
"delete-orphan" cascade all, delete unreferenced orphan children
 Test: Retrieve an Event
public static void testRetrieve() {
System.out.println("Retrieving event");
Session session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();

Query query = session.createQuery(

"from Event e where e.name= :name");
query.setParameter("name", "Java Days");
// query.list() returns objects, cast to List<Location>
List<Event> list = (List<Event>)query.list( );
tx.commit();

for(Event e : list ) out.printf("%d %s %s\n",

e.getId(), e.getName(), e.getLocation().getName()
);
}
 Lazy Instances and Proxies
Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Event e where e.name=:name");
query.setParameter("name", "Java Days");
List<Event> list = (List<Event>)query.list( );
tx.commit();

for(Event e : list ) out.printf("%d %s %s\n",

e.getId(), e.getName(), e.getLocation().getName()
);

Error: LazyInstantiationException
Hibernate uses lazy instantiation and proxy objects
Hibernate instantiates the location object when it is first accessed
We closed the transaction before accessing the location
 Two Solutions
1. Modify our code: getLocation( ) before closing the
session.
List<Event> list = (List<Event>)query.list( );
for(Event e : list ) out.printf("%d %s %s\n",
e.getId(), e.getName(), e.getLocation().getName()
);
tx.commit( );

2. Tell Hibernate not to use lazy instantiation of Location

objects (in Location.hbm.xml)

<class name="Location" table="LOCATIONS" lazy="false">

...
</class>
 Creating a Component for Address

Location Address
id: int * 1 street: String
name: String city: String
address: Address province: String

LOCATIONS
id name address
101 Kasetsart University street city province
102 Seacon Square
 Organizing your Work

Use DAO to separate OR behavior from the

rest of your project.
 A DAO for the Location class
The "useful" methods depend on the domain class and
the application.

LocationDao

findById(id: int) : Location

findByName(name : String): Location[*]
find(query: String) : Location[*]
save(loc: Location) : boolean
delete(loc: Location) : boolean
 Java code for Simple LocationDao
package eventmgr.dao;
import ...;
public class SimpleLocationDao {
private static final Logger logger =
Logger.getLogger(LocationDao.class);

public LocationDao() { }
public Location findById( int id )
public List<Location> findByName( String name )
public List<Location> find( String query )
public boolean save( Location loc )
public boolean delete( Location loc )
}
 The core of findById( ) - use "load"
public Location findById( int id ) {
Location result = null;
Session session = null;
Transaction tx = null;
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
result =
(Location)session.load(Location.class, id);
tx.commit();
session.close( );
} catch ...
}
return result;
}
 The details of findById( )
public Location findById( int id ) {
Location result = null;
Session session = null;
Transaction tx = null;
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
result = (Location)session.load(Location.class,id);
tx.commit();
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
logger.info("Object not found. id = "+id, e);
if ( tx != null && ! tx.wasCommitted() ) tx.rollback();
} catch (HibernateException e) {
logger.error("Hibernate exception", e);
if ( tx != null && ! tx.wasCommitted() ) tx.rollback();
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}
return result;
}
 The core of findByName( ) - "query"
public List<Location> findByName( String name ) {
List<Location> result;
...
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Location where name=:name" );
query.setParameter( "name", name );
result = (List<Location>) query.list( );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
} catch ...
return result;
}
 Details of findByName( )
Exercise
The core of save( ) - "saveOrUpdate"
public boolean save( Location location ) {
boolean result = false;
...
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.saveOrUpdate( location );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
result = true;
} catch ...

return result;
}
 Details of save
Exercise
 The core of delete( ) - "delete"
public boolean delete( Location location ) {
boolean result = false;
...
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
session.delete( location );
tx.commit();
session.close( );
result = true;
} catch ...

return result;
}
 Redundant Code
Every DAO method has the same boilerplate code:
Session session = null;
Transaction tx = null;
try {
session = HibernateUtil.getCurrentSession();
tx = session.beginTransaction();
do the work here
tx.commit();
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
logger.info("Object not found. "+id, e);
if ( tx != null && ! tx.wasCommitted() ) tx.rollback();
} catch (HibernateException e) {
logger.error("Hibernate exception", e);
if ( tx != null && ! tx.wasCommitted() ) tx.rollback();
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() ) session.close();
}
 Factor out Redundant Code
Class SimpleLocationDao {
private Session session; // declare as attributes
private Transaction tx;

public Location findById( int id ) {

try {
beginTransaction( );
do the work here
commitTransaction( );
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
handleError( e );
} catch (HibernateException e) {
handleError( e );
} finally {
if ( session != null && session.isOpen() )
session.close();
}
 Duplicate Code Between DAO
In every DAO, the CRUD methods are almost the same
Consider save( ) ...

public boolean save( Location location ) {

boolean result = false;
...
try {
beginTransaction( );
session.saveOrUpdate( location );
commitTransaction( );
} catch ( ... ) {
handleException( e );
} finally { ... }
return result;
}
Apply the Layer Superclass Pattern
AbstractDao
#load( class, id ) : Object
#find( class, query ) : List
#saveOrUpdate( object: Object )
#delete( object: Object )

LocationDao EventDao SpeakerDao

 AbstractDao.save
protected Object save( Object obj ) {
Object result = null;
try {
beginTransaction();
result = session.saveOrUpdate( obj );
commitTransaction();
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
handleError( e );
} catch (HibernateException e) {
handleError( e );
} finally {
closeSession( );
}
return result;
}
LocationDao using Layer Superclass
public class LocationDao extends AbstractDao {

public boolean save( Location location ) {

return super.save( location );
}
 AbstractDao.load
protected Object load( Class clazz,
Serializable id ) {
Object result = null;
try {
beginTransaction();
result = session.load( clazz, id);
commitTransaction()
} catch (ObjectNotFoundException e) {
handleError( e );
} catch (HibernateException e) {
handleError( e );
} finally {
closeSession( );
}
return result;
}
LocationDao using Layer Superclass
public class LocationDao extends AbstractDao {

public LocationDao( ) { super( ); }

public Location findById( int id ) {

return (Location) super.load(
Location.class, id );
}
 Exercise
use your SimpleLocationDao to write a layer
superclass named AbstractDao.
write a LocationDao that extends AbstractDao
 Hibernate Query Language (HQL)
Query query = session.createQuery(
"from Event where name='Java Days'");

Query query = session.createQuery(

"select e from Event e where e.name='Java Days'");

Hibernate queries you Hibernate Query Language (HQL).

HQL is object-centric - use class and property names, not SQL
table names.
 HQL example
Problem: Find all events which are held at Kasetsart
HQL:

String query = "select e from Event e where

e.location.name = 'Kasetsart University'";
Query q = session.createQuery( query );

SQL and JDBC:

String sqlquery = "select * from EVENTS e

join LOCATIONS l ON e.location_id = l.id
where l.name = 'Kasetsart University'";
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement( sqlquery );
 Many-to-one Associations
public class Event {
private long id;
private String name;
private Location location; // 1-to-many assoc.
private Date startDate;
private long duration;

public Event( ) { }
...
}
 Event.hbm.xml Mapping File
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC ... remainder omitted >

<hibernate-mapping package="eventmgr.domain">
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
<id name="id" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="name" column="name" not-null="true"/>
<property name="startDate" column="start_date"
column="timestamp"/>
<property name="duraction" />
<many-to-one name="location" column="location_id"
class="Location"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
 Cascading Save & Update
When you save an Event, should Hibernate automatically
save the location, too?
no: then you must save the location yourself
Yes: specify cascade = "save-update"
<class name="Event" table="EVENTS">
<id name="id" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
...
<many-to-one name="location" column="location_id"
class="Location"
cascade="save-update"/>
</class>

Other choices for cascade: all, none, save-update, delete

 Learning Hibernate
Tutorial at www.hibernate.org
Another good tutorial:
http://www.allapplabs.com/hibernate/hibernate_tutorials
.htm
Peak & Heudecker, Hibernate Quickly, 2006.
Baur & King, Java Persistence with Hibernate, 2007,
update of Hibernate in Action, and much longer.
Baur & King, Hibernate in Action, 2005, considered the
best Hibernate book, by one of the Hibernate creators.
 Hibernate Tools
Hibernate Tools Eclipse plugin - HibernateConsole and
more
Test HQL queries, browse database
Middlegen - generates class mapping files (hbm.xml)
from an existing database schema. Has Eclipse plugin.
Hibernate Synchronizer - generates class mapping files
(hbm.xml) and Java classes from a database schema.
hbm2ddl - creates a database schema (in SQL) from a
hbm.xml file.
hbm2java - creates a Java class from a hbm.xml file.