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RMM 3

1. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. It allows researchers to gather data with known accuracy more efficiently than a census. 2. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member of the population has a known chance of being selected, and non-probability sampling, where selection is non-random. 3. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, multistage sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience sampling and purposive sampling.

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108 views18 pages

RMM 3

1. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. It allows researchers to gather data with known accuracy more efficiently than a census. 2. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member of the population has a known chance of being selected, and non-probability sampling, where selection is non-random. 3. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, multistage sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience sampling and purposive sampling.

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SAMPLING

1. A sample is a smaller (but hopefully


representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths about that
population

2. Why sample?
Resources (time, money) and workload

Results with known accuracy that can be

calculated mathematically
1
Probability versus Nonprobability
Probability Samples: each member of the

population has a known non-zero probability of


being selected
SAMPLING .
STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

3
Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling

Simple random sampling


Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Multistage sampling
Cluster sampling
Non-Probability Samples
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Quota sampling

4
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Applicable when population is small, homogeneous &
readily available

It provides for greatest number of possible samples.


This is done by assigning a number to each unit in the
sampling frame.

Eg:A table of random number or lottery system is used


to determine which units are to be selected.

5
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target
population according to some ordering scheme and then
selecting elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list.

Example : would be to select every 3rd person from the


targeted group

6
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Where population embraces a number of distinct
categories, the frame can be organized into separate
"strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an
independent sub-population, out of which individual
elements can be randomly selected.

Draw a sample from each stratum

7
Multistage Sampling

Clusters are selected at random.


Elements are selected at random within each
cluster.
Saves time and money for personal
interviews.
Cluster Sampling

Elements are divided into groups of equal


number of elements (i.e., clusters).
The clusters are selected at random.
All elements within a cluster are included in
the initial sample.
Nonprobability Sampling
Nonprobability Samples: members are selected
from the population in some non random manner
Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling is used in exploratory
research where the researcher is interested in
getting an inexpensive approximation.

The sample is selected because they are


convenient.
Judgment sampling

Judgment sampling is a common


nonprobability method.
The sample is selected based upon
judgment.
Quota sampling
Quota sampling is the nonprobability equivalent of
stratified sampling.

First identify the stratums and their proportions as they


are represented in the population

Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to


select the required number of subjects from each
stratum.
Sample Size?
The more heterogeneous a population is, the larger the
sample needs to be.

Depends on topic frequently it occurs?

For probability sampling, the larger the sample size, the


better.

With nonprobability samples, not generalizable


regardless still consider stability of results

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