ANSWERING

TECHNIQUE
STPM
CHEMISTRY
Wong Lai Sieng
SMK ROSLI DHOBY, SIBU
 Ununbium 112
superheavy element

 zinc [30] + lead [82] = Ununbium[112]

 ELEMENT: ?????
 SYMBOL: Wo

 DISCOVERER:???

 ATOMIC MASS: accepted as 55 but

known to vary from 45 to 225
 OCCURRENCE: found in large quantities
in urban areas, with trace elements in
outlying regions.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: boils at
absolutely nothing, freezes for no
apparent reason. Melts if given special
treatment, bitter if used incorrectly.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: affinity to gold, silver,
platinum and all precious stones. The
most powerful money reducing agent known to
man.
COMMON USE: highly ornamental, especially in
sports cars. Can be a very effective cleaning
agent.
HAZARDS: highly dangerous except in
experienced hands. Illegal to possess more
than one, although several can be maintained
at different locations as long as specimens do
not come into direct contact with each other
Quote from book 3 Prison’s Diary by Jeffery
Archer
 TIPS FOR STPM EXAMS
 MEMORISE WITH UNDERSTANDING
[ FORMULAE, RULES, PRINCIPLES &
DEFINITIONS]
 ANALYSE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY &
CORRECTLY
 APPLY CONCEPTS LEARNT IN
DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
 ALWAYS ASK THE QUESTION ‘WHAT
IF ?’
 962 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
 Paper 2
 Data booklet provided

1. Periodic table with proton number,

relative atomic mass, symbol of elements
2. Important values, constants & standards
3. First to fourth ionisation energies of
selected elements
4. Standard electrode & reduction
potentials
NOTE: molar volume at 25oC is 24.4dm3
NOT 24 dm3
 Chapter 12: phase equilibrium
  
 1. Raoult’s Law
 Partial vapour pressure of A in solution, p A = x A x pAo
  
 Where xA = mole fraction of A; pAo = vapour pressure of pure A
  
 2. For immiscible liquids, ptotal = pAo + pBo
  
 3. Partition coefficient, K = concentration of X in solvent A = [X]A
 concentration of X in solvent B [X]B
  
 4. For steam distillation, mA = pA x MA
 mH2O pH2O x MH2O
  
 Where mA = mass of A in the distillate, MA= relative molecular mass of A
mH2O = mass of water in the distillate, MH2O= relative molecular mass of water = 18.0
 pA = vapour pressure of pure A at the boiling point of the system
  
 5. Rf = distance travelled by the component
 distance travelled by the solvent front
  
 allotropes
Tin exists as two allotropes. White tin is
stable above 13oC. When Kept below
13oC for a long time, it changes into
grey tin.
Which of the following is true for the
allotropes?
A. They have the same bond length
B. They have the same isotopic compostion
C. They have the same electrical
conductivtiy
D. They have the same enthalpy of
reaction with oxygen
 Which of the following reactions will
increase in yield when the pressure is
decreased at a constant temperature?

A. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

B. H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)
C. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
D. H2S(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g) + S(s)
 Le Chatelier Principle
Define standard enthalpy change of
formation
 Heat liberated when one mole of the
substance is formed from its gaseous
atoms under standard conditions -
inaccurate
 Heat evolved or absorbed when one
mole of the substance is formed from
its elements under standard
conditions
•Writing thermochemical equation

Standard enthalpy change of formation.

3C(s) + 4H2(g) C3H8(g) ΔHfθ =
1 mole

3C(diamond) + 4 H2(g) C3H8(g) (X)

ΔHfθ =
Which thermochemical equation is correct?
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation.
1. ½ I2(s) I(g) ΔHfθ = -106.0kJmol-1

1 mole

2.1/2 I2(s) I(g) ΔHfθ = +106.0kJmol-1

3.I2(s) 2I(g) ΔHfθ = +106.0kJmol-1

4. I (s) I (g) ΔHfθ = +106.0kJmol-1

Thermochemical equation, ΔH must be

written on the right of the equation.
ΔH : + / - sign shown
 Lewis structure/ Dot and cross
diagrams
AlCl3
   
 
 Cl  Cl


Al OR Al
      
   Cl Cl 

 Cl Cl   
  
 
 Cl 
Cl 
 
Al
Al 

Cl

Cl (X) 

   (X)
 Cl  Cl 
 
 Structural formula of Al2Cl6

Cl Cl Cl

Al Al

Cl Cl Cl

 is the structural formula correct?

Differentiate atoms, molecules, ions,
compounds, elements & substances

(wrong usage of terminology)

e.g. The ability of an atom to distort or
polarize the valence electron cloud of
an anion depends on its charge and
size. If the charge density of the
atom is high, the electron cloud of
the anion will be distorted more.
Inaccurate answer from calculations

Example 1:
An acidic solution with concentration
0.03moldm-3 contains 8.1 x 10-4 moldm-3
hydrogen ions. Calculate the pH of the
acidic solution.
pH = -log10[H+]
 pH = -log10[H+]
= -log10 8.1 x 10-4
= 3.091514981 ( X )
=3.1( 2 significant figures)
WRONG SUBSTITUTION OF DATA
Example 2: Given pressure 50 kPa.
When it is substituted into equation
pV=nRT
P =(i) 50 x 103 Pa (ii)5 x 104 Pa
(iii) 50000 Pa
(iv) 5.0 x 104 Pa
 WRONG SUBSTITUTION OF DATA
Example 2: Given pressure p=50.0 kPa,
V= 2.00dm3, T=25oC, R=8.31Jmol-1K-1
Calculate the value of n.
When it is substituted into equation
pV=nRT
P =(i) 50.0 x 103 Pa (ii)5 x 104 Pa
(iii)50000 Pa (iv) 5.0 x 104 Pa
(a)V=2 x 10-3 m3 (b) 0.002 m3

(c) 2.00 x 10-3 m3

 For reversible reaction

A (g) + B (g) C (g) + D (g)

Kc = [C ][ D ] or Kp = P C PD

[ A][ B] P A  PB

A (aq) + B (aq) C (aq) + D (aq)

Kc or Kp ????
 INACCURATE STATEMENTS

(i) Rate of reaction becomes faster

(ii)Thermal decomposition of nitrate of group

2 elements increases down the group.

Physical states of reactants and products

are required in the balanced equations for
inorganic chemistry and physical chemistry
(electrochemistry , thermochemistry)
 •Half-equation

(i)Mg Mg2+ + 2e-

(ii)Mg – 2e- Mg2+ (X)
(iii)O2- – 2e- O (X)
(iv)2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
(v)4Cl- 2Cl2 + 4e- (X)
 FORMULA OF IONS PRODUCED IN MASS
SPECTROMETER
e.g1. write the formulae of ions produced
when H2O is analysed in mass
spectrometer.
H+ ( ) OH- ( ) H2+ ( ) O+ ( )

e.g2. CH3Br
C+ ( ) H+ ( ) CH3+ ( ) Br- ( )
H 3+ ( )
 FORMULA OF IONS PRODUCED IN MASS
SPECTROMETER
e.g1. write the formulae of ions produced
when H2O is analysed in mass
spectrometer.
H+ ( ) OH- (X ) H2+ (X ) O+ ( )

e.g2. CH3Br
C+ ( ) H+ ( ) CH3+ ( ) Br- (X )
H3+ (X )
 Dehydrating agent :
calcium chloride (x)
anhydrous calcium chloride ( √)
sulphuric acid (x)
concentrated sulphuric acid (√)
e.g. HCOOH CO + H 2O

Conditions of reaction:?
 Catalyst :
aluminium chloride (x)
anhydrous aluminium chloride (√)

Benzene + chlorine chlorobenzene + HCl

 ACID
ACID + CHLORIDE
ALCOHOLS + ALCOHOLS
AMIDE +
ALCOHOLS
ACID CHLORIDE
ESTER + PHENOLS

ACID +
ALCOHOLS
2 ALCOHOLS
SALT +
ALCOHOLS
 IODOFORM TEST

ALCOHOLS ALDEHYDES KETONES

H C=O C=O
C-OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
 OH

1.+ H2 1.+ Na
2. + Cl2/ Br2 2.+ NaOH(aq)
3. + HNO3 3.CH3COCl /
(CH3CO)2O
 Types of reactions
Attacking spesies: a) electrophiles b) nucleophiles

Functional -C=C- C=O C-O-H -C-X Benzene

group & methyl
benzene

Attacking
species
Type of
reaction

TYPE OF REACTION:
1. Electrophilic addition 2. electrophilic substitution
3. nucleophilic addition 4. Nucleophilic substitution
Aldehydes [O] + 1o alcohols [O] + 2o alcohols

ketones

1. + HCN 1. + HCN
2. + [O]
2.
3. + Tollens’
3.
4. + Fehling
[aliphatic only] 4.
5. Reduction 1o 5. Reduction 2o
alcohols alcohols
6. Condensation 6. Condensation

7. Iodoform [CH3-C=O 7. Iodoform[CH3-C=O

Group only ] Group only ]
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 ALL the reactants and products have
to be written ( NOT the organic
products
only ) UNLESS question requires
the conversion of one compound to
another
Examples :
- H20
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 (x)
CH3CH2OH - H2O CH2=CH2 (x)
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O (√)

Cl
OH + Cl2 Cl OH

Cl
(x)
 Testfor Haloalkanes:
 use NaOH followed by addition of
AgNO3 solution.
CH3CH2Cl + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaCl
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

white precipitate

CH3CH2Cl + AgNO3 CH3CH2NO3 + AgCl

(X)
 Tollens’ reagent : use [ Ag(NH3)2]+
NOT Ag2O or Ag+

CH3CHO + Ag2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag (X)

CH3CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + OH- →

CH3COO- + 2Ag + 2NH4+ + 2NH3
 Chemical test to distinguish between 2
organic compounds,
example : Butan-1-ol & butan-2-ol
reagent : I2 (aq) + NaOH(aq)
condition : warm
observations:Butan-1-ol: no changes

: no reaction (x)
Butan-2-ol: yellow precipitate is
produced (√)
CHI3 is produced (X)
 Equation:

 Forbutan-2-ol
 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + 6NaOH + 4I2

CHI3 + CH3CH2COONa + 5H2O + 5NaI

 Suggest
with the help of equation how
1-bromopropane could be converted to
1-aminopropane [3]

 Reagent: excess concentrated NH3

solution
 Conditions: heated in a sealed tube

alcohol as solvent
 Equation: CH3CH2CH2Br + 2NH3

CH3CH2CH2NH2 + NH4Br
[HBr] X
 Suggest the structure formula for the
compound A. Explain the reactions
involved with the help of equations.
 A, C7H8O, burns with a smoky flame. A is
only slightly soluble in water, but very
soluble in sodium hydroxide solution.
[5]
A burns with smoky flame as % of carbon
is high. [1]
 Ratio of C: H is about 1, benzene ring is
present. [1]
 A is very soluble in NaOH as it is acidic.
This implies that phenol group is present.
[1]
 Structure of A: CH3- -OH [1]

 CH3- -OH + NaOH CH3- -ONa

 Phenol, C6H5OH is a weak organic acid.
When 0.385g phenol is dissolved in
2.00 dm3 of water at 25oC, pH of the
solution obtained is 6.29. [6]
 (a) calculate the dissociation constant
Ka of phenol at 25oC.
 C6H5OH C6H5O- + H+ [1]

 Ka = [ C6H5O-][H+] [1]
[C6H5OH]
 pH = 6.29 (given)
pH = -log10 [H+]
[H+]= [C6H5O-] = 5.13 x 10-7 moldm-3 [1]

[ phenol] = 0.385 = 2.05 x 10 -3 [1]

94.0 x 2.00

Substitute into formula of Ka

Ka = ( 5.13 x 10-7 )2 [1] = 1.28 x 10-10
2.05 x 10-3 moldm-3
[1]
write the scheme of reactions for the
following conversions:
Br

1.
NO2
Br

2. Br +

NO2 NO2
38% 62%
write the scheme of reactions for the
following conversions:
Br

1.

+ NO2

Conc. HNO3
Anhydrous
AlBr3
Conc. H2SO4

55oC
NO2 + Br2
 Structural formula for nitrobenzene

 C6H5NO2 (X)

 NO2 ( )
2. At which of the carbon atoms in the
molecule below is electrophilic attack
most likely?

E
C D

A C O CH2CH2CH3
O
B
Importance of stating physical state

 Reaction of carboxylic acid with

sodium carbonate solution to
liberate Carbon dioxide.
 Solid sodium carbonate added to
pure ethanoic acid, any reaction?
Write the electronic configuration of
valence electrons of phosphorus
( proton number = 15)

3s23p3 ( √ )
3s23pX13pY13pZ1 (√)

2.8.5 (x)
1s22s22p63s23p3 (x)
[Ne]3s23p3 (X)
 Write the electronic configuration of
sodium-24 isotope.
 1s22s22p63s1 ( √ )

 [Ne]3s1 (X)

 2.8.8.6 (X)

 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2 (X)
Name the compound: PbCl4

 Lead chloride (x)

 Lead(II) chloride (X)

 Plumbum(IV)chloride (X)

 Lead(IV) chloride (√)

 Name the compound: Cu2O
 Copper oxide (x)
 Copper(II) oxide (x)

 kuprum(I) oxide (x)

 Copper (I) oxide ( √)

 Name the compound: CaSO4

 Calsium(II)sulphate(X)
 Calcium sulphate (√)
 Naming of complex ion

 [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+

Which of the following is correct?

 1.Pentaaminechlorochromium(III)
 2.Pentaamminechlorochromium(II)
 3.Pentaamminechlorochromium(III)
 For amine CH3NH2
 Which of the following is correct?
 1.Methylammine
 2.Methylamine
 Structural formula of [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+
2+
NH3
H3N NH3
Cr
H3N NH3
Cl
Charge has to be shown
 Structural formula of [Co(NH3)3Cl3]

NH3
H3N Cl
Co
H3N Cl
Cl

isomer Fac
isomer cis (X)
 Structural formula of [Co(NH3)3Cl3]

Cl
Cl NH3
Co
H3N NH3
Cl

isomer Mer
isomer trans (X)
WRONG GERERAL STATEMENTS

(i) ALL group 1 elements are metals

(ii) ONLY the compounds of transition
elements are coloured
(iii) ONLY the transition elements show
variable oxidation states.
State the changes in oxidation states
of chlorine when chlorine reacts with
cold & dilute NaOH.

From 0 to +1 and -1 (correct)

+1 and -1 (wrong)
 Geometrical isomers
inaccurate formulae
 Example: but-2-ene
CH3 CH3 CH3 H

C C C C

H H H CH3
 Geometrical isomers
 Example: but-2-ene
CH3 CH3 CH3 H

C=C C=C

H H H CH 3
 Inaccurate structural formula of
optical isomers
C2H5 C2H5

Br C OH HO C Br

CH3 CH3
 OPTICAL ISOMER

C2H5 C2H5

C C
Br OH HO Br
CH3 CH3
 GEOMETRICAL ISOMER
Example: Pt(NH3)2Cl2

NH3 Cl NH3 NH3

Pt Pt

Cl NH3 Cl Cl

Trans- isomer Cis-isomer

 INSTRUCTIONAL CUE (KATA
TUGAS)
1. Name
2. Draw on diagram/indicate on graph
3. State the difference
4. Identify
5. Determine
6. Calculate
7. Suggest
8. explain
9. What do you observe
10. What is meant by
11. Draw a labelled diagram
12. Sketch a graph
13. Desribe the properties of ethanoic
acid as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
14. State what happens/ the change/
one chemical
15. Arrange in ascending order
16.Predict the shape
 THE WOODCUTTER & THE AXE
 Many years ago, at Sipitang in Sabah
there was a very strong and skilled
woodcutter who asked for a job with a
timber merchant
 He got the job with a good salary and
decent work conditions. And so, the
woodcutter was determined to do his
best for the boss. His boss gave him an
axe and on his first day, the woodcutter
cut down 15 trees. The boss was
pleased and said: “Well done, good
work!”
 Highly motivated, the woodcutter tried
harder the next day, but could only fell
13 trees. The third day, he tried even
harder, but only 11 trees were
chopped down.
 Day after day, he tried harder but he
cut down fewer trees. “I must be
losing my strength,” the woodcutter
thought. He apologised to the boss,
claiming he could not understand why.
 “When was the last time you
sharpened your axe?” the boss
asked. “Sharpen? I had no time to
sharpen my axe. I have been too
busy cutting down trees,” said the
woodcutter.
 He sharpened his axe and
immediately was back to 15 trees a
day. Since then, he begins the day by
sharpening his axe.
The woodcutter does need
downtime to rest, but it is not
“sharpening the axe.” The
woodcutter only becomes more
productive by sharpening his
blade, analysing new
woodcutting techniques,
exercising to become stronger,
and learning from other
woodcutters.
THANK

YOU
THE
END