COMPUTER MEMORY

BACK GROUND

WHAT IS A MEMORY?
WHY DOES A
COMPUTER NEED
MEMORY?

RTI, Jaipur 2
 PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
NEED
AIM
BASICS
TYPES
HOW THEY WORK
QUIZ
CONCLUSION
 AIM

TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW ON
COMPUTER MEMORY

RTI, Jaipur 4
 BASICS

Standardize the diverse accounting policies

Add the reliability to the financial statement

Eradicate baffling variation in treatment of

accounting aspects

Facilitate inter-firm and intra-firm comparison

RTI, Jaipur 5
BASICS
 Memory Hierarchy

Increasing performance and

increasing cost

Slow and
inexpensive
 MEMORY HIERARCHY

Speed Cost Space

Secondary Memory
 COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Central Processing Unit

Control
Input ALU Output
Output
Unit
Devices Devices
Devices

Special Primary
Cache
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors

Secondary
Storage
Devices

Communication Devices
 CLASSIFICATION- BIG PICTURE
Registers
2ns
Cache (I, II, III)
Volatile SRAM
DRAM
Primary SDRAM
Memory Types & (Semiconductor chip). RAM EDRAM
Main Memory
Storage Devices EDO
FLASH RAM

PROM
Non-volatile EPROM
ROM EEPROM
Tape
Magnetic memory HD, Zip Disk
Secondary FDD
(Devices)
Optical
CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW
Memory DVD-ROM, DVD-R 5ms
DVD- RW
REGISTERS
 CPU

CPU performs operations on data.

ALU
Control Unit
A set of registers
 ALU

Arithmetic operations:
Increment
Decrement
Add
Subtract
Multiply
Divide

Logical operations:
NOT
AND
OR
XOR
 REGISTERS
FAST STAND-ALONE STORAGE LOCATIONS
THAT HOLD DATA TEMPORARILY IN CPU.

PC (PROGRAM COUNTER)

KEEP TRACK OF INSTRUCTION CURRENTLY EXECUTED.

INCREMENTED AFTER EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTION REGISTER

STORE THE INSTRUCTION CURRENTLY BEING EXECUTED

DATA REGISTERS

HOLD DATA BEFORE IT CAN BE PROCESSED

 REGISTER

A, SPECIAL, HIGH-SPEED STORAGE AREA WITHIN

THE CPU.

ALL DATA MUST BE REPRESENTED IN A REGISTER

BEFORE IT CAN BE PROCESSED.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF TWO NUMBERS ARE TO BE MULTIPLIED

THE POWER & SPEED OF A CPU DETERMINED BY

THE NUMBER OF REGISTERS THAT A CPU HAS AND

THE SIZE OF EACH (NUMBER OF BITS)
CACHE MEMORY
 CACHE MEMORY

At any time contains a copy of a portion of main memory.

CPU checks the cache
If exist, copy the word,
otherwise
access main memory and copy a block of memory starting with the
desired word.
CPU accesses cache and copies the word.
 CACHE MEMORY

It is very probable that the CPU, in next cycle, needs

to access the words following the first word.

The existence of the cache speeds processing.

80-20 rule
Most computers typically spend 80% of the time
accessing only 20% of the data.
Same data are accessed over and over again.
MAIN MEMORY
 MAIN MEMORY

Main memory
a collection of storage locations,
each with a unique identifier called the address.
Word-
Data are transferred to and from memory in groups
of bits called words.
The number of bits that can be stored in one CPU
register in a computer.
 Address as Bit Pattern

BECAUSE COMPUTERS OPERATE BY

STORING NUMBERS AS BIT PATTERNS, THE
ADDRESS ITSELF IS ALSO REPRESENTED AS A
BIT PATTERN.
 MEMORY ADDRESSES
MEMORY IS A COLLECTION OF CELLS, EACH
WITH A UNIQUE PHYSICAL/MEMORY ADDRESS

EACH CELL CAN HOLD ONE BYTE OR 8 BITS

101 102 103

With one by we can represent one
201 202 203 character in ASCII Code
301 302 303 Example: A is 65 in ASCII code and
01000001 in binary representation
 STORAGE CAPACITY

Unit Exact Number of bytes Approximation

------------ ------------------------ ------------
kilobyte 210 bytes 103 bytes
megabyte 220 bytes 106 bytes
gigabyte 230 bytes 109 bytes
terabyte 240 bytes 1012 bytes
petabyte 250 bytes 1015 bytes
exabyte 260 bytes 1018 bytes
Figure 5-3
MAIN MEMORY
 ADDRESS SPACE

Although programmers use a name to identify a word,

at the hardware level, each word is identified by an
address.

Address space -
The total number of uniquely identifiable locations in memory.
For example:
a memory with 64KB and a word size of 1 byte has an
address space that range from 0 to 65535.
RAM
 MEMORY TYPES - RAM

Volatile

R/W by user

Two categories:
DRAM(Dynamic RAM)
Refresh
used in most PCs
SRAM(Static RAM)
No refresh
Faster more reliable
more expensive
often used only as a memory cache
 MEMORY TYPES- RAM
SRAM: static RAM
No need to be refreshed

DRAM: dynamic RAM

Need to be refreshed periodically
Main memory
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

EDRAM (Enhanced DRAM)

EDO (Extended Data Out)

FLASH RAM

Ferroelectric RAM
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
ROM
 MEMORY TYPES - ROM
Nonvolatile

Written by manufacture

Hold the booting program

Categories:
ROM
PROM(Programmable ROM)- Write once by user
EPROM(Erasable PROM)- physical removal and reinstallation by
special device
EEPROM(Electronically EPROM)- without being removed from
computer
 MEMORY TYPES ROM

PROM: programmable ROM

Only written once

EPROM: erasable PROM

Use ultraviolet light to erase data

EEPROM: electronically EPROM

Can be erased using electronic impulses (higher voltages)
SECONDARY MEMORY
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

CAN STORE LARGE AMOUNT OF INFO TO BE

RETRIEVED AT A LATER TIME.
CHEAPER THAN MAIN MEMORY

NONVOLATILE

ALSO CALLED AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICE

CATEGORIES:
MAGNETIC
OPTICAL
 MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

Use magnetization to store bits of data

If a spot is magnetized 1

If a spot is not magnetized 0

Magnetic Disk
Random access device

Magnetic Tape
Sequential access device
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

DISKETTES (FLOPPY DISKS) (FDD)

HARD DISKS (HD)

HIGH-CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKS (ZIP DISK)

USB FLASH DRIVE

MAGNETIC TAPE
 MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES
- HOW MAGNETIC STORAGE WORKS
A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles,
which can be polarizedgiven a magnetic
chargein one of two directions (north or south).

Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0

(off), representing each bit of data that the CPU
can recognize.

A disk drive uses read/write heads containing

electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the
medium.
 HARD DISK DRIVE
Purpose:
Long-term, nonvolatile storage
Large, inexpensive, slow level in the storage hierarchy

Disk composition
A magnetic disk consist of a collection of platters (1to 20
per disk) that rotate on a spindle.
Disk surface divided into tracks (1000 to 4800 per platter).
Tracks are divided into sectors (64 per track), which are the
smallest unit that can be read or written.

Up to 10,000 rpm
 MAGNETIC DISKS
A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic
disk, retrieving or recording data

The organization of a
magnetic disk
 PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF A MAGNETIC DISK

Performance
depends on
several factors
Rotational speed
Seek time the time
to move the R/W
head to desired track
Transfer time the
time to move data
from the disk to the
CPU/Memory
 MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES
- HOW MAGNETIC STORAGE WORKS

As the medium
rotates, the head
writes the data.
 SURFACE ORGANIZATION OF A DISK

Each surface is divided into tracks

Each track is divided into sectors

Sector- the smallest storage area that can be accessed
at one time.
Block- can be stored in one or more sectors and
retrieved together.
MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES - DISKETTES

Formatted Disk
MECHANICAL CONFIGURATION OF A TAPE
 SURFACE ORGANIZATION OF A TAPE

Sequential access

Slower

Cheaper

Backup large amount of data

9 vertical spots
8 bits of information
1 bit for error detection
OPTICAL STORAGE
 OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

Use light (laser) to store and retrieve data.

CD-ROM(Compact disc read-only memory)

Same technology as CD

CD-R (Compact disc recordable)

WORM(Write Once, Read Many)

CD-RW (Compact disc rewritable)

Also called Erasable optical disc

DVD(Digital Versatile Disc)

Higher capacity
CREATION AND USE OF CD-ROM
 CD-ROM speeds

Speed Data Rate Approximation

------------ ------------------------ ------------
1x 153,600 bytes per second 150 KB/s
2x 307,200 bytes per second 300 KB/s
4x 614,400 bytes per second 600 KB/s
6x 921,600 bytes per second 900 KB/s
8x 1,228,800 bytes per second 1.2 MB/s
12x 1,843,200 bytes per second 1.8 MB/s
16x 2,457,600 bytes per 2.4 MB/s
24x second 3.6 MB/s
32x 3,688,400 bytes per second 4.8 MB/s
40x 4,915,200 bytes per second 6 MB/s
6,144,000 bytes per second
52X 7.8 MB/s
CD-ROM FORMAT
MAKING A CD-R
MAKING A CD-RW
 OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
HOW OPTICAL STORAGE WORKS

An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical drive uses

reflected light to read data.

To store data, the disk's metal surface is covered with tiny dents (pits) and
flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected differently.

When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be reflected
back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects light back to its
source, representing a bit value of 1 (on).
 OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
HOW OPTICAL STORAGE WORKS

1 0
 OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
CD-ROM: compact disc ROM (Read Only Memory)
Capacity: 650MB
CD-R: compact disc recordable
CD-RW: compact disc rewritable
DVD: digital versatile disc
Capacity: 4.7GB 17GB
DVD-R
DVD-RW (2 versions: + (plus) and
(dash)
DVD (DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK)
Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7
GB to 17 GB).
Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
The four versions of the DVD:
 QUIZ

1. Cache memory has the fastest speed: T F

2. A TB has 1024 MB? T F
3. EPROM is a volatile memory? T F
4. SRAM needs to be refreshed? T F
5. EEPROM use ultraviolet light to erase data?T F
6. A land reflects light back to its source,
representing a bit value of 1 (on). T F
7. A pit, does not reflect the light back and this
represents a bit value of 0 (off). T F
 QUIZ
8. Define the following acronyms:
SRAM ______________________________
DRAM ______________________________
SDRAM ______________________________
EDRAM ______________________________
PROM ______________________________
EPROM ______________________________
EEPROM ______________________________
CD-ROM ______________________________
HDD ______________________________
FDD ______________________________
DVD RW ______________________________
CD-RW ______________________________
JAI HIND