AP style and grammar

Essential tools for journalists

By Jennifer Johnson
[email protected]
Content Editor/Features, The Arizona Republic
Associate Professor of Journalism, Arizona State University
Then.
Now.
A lot has changed
but some things havent.

The essentials:
Writing and editing
Accuracy and fairness
Grammar and style
 Grammar
has always been around
(even if we dont always get it)

but what about

style?
 In 1953,
journalists finally
got some style.
 Meet the
Associated Press
Stylebook.
 What is AP style?

The rulebook for newswriting.

As AP says, its part dictionary,

part textbook, part encyclopedia.
 Cant I just use google?
No.
And heres why:

The AP Stylebook was created to give

an accurate, consistent presentation
of the printed word.
 How many opportunities for
inconsistent presentation can
you find below?

At an E.U. summit yesterday, President George

W. Bush spoke to twenty-seven leaders about
United States policies in the Mideast.
 Did you count six?

At an E.U. summit yesterday, President

George W. Bush spoke to the twenty-seven
leaders about United States policies in the
Mideast.
 Same paragraph, adjusted
for AP style:
At a European Union summit Tuesday,
President Bush spoke to the 27
member states about U.S. policies in the
Middle East.
Even if spelling variations
are correct, theyre
confusing:
Al-Qaida
Al-Qaeda
al-Qaida
Al qaida
al-Qaeda
Al Qaida
Avoid confusion
by following a
consistent style.
Al-Qaida
Al-Qaeda
al-Qaida (AP style)
Al qaida
al-Qaeda
Al Qaida
 Why your students need
AP Style:

Position: Internship
Company: Chicago Tribune
Requirements: youll also need to
have a solid knowledge of AP style
 Why your students need
AP style:

Position: Sports Reporter

Company: The Arizona Daily Sun
Job Status: Full-time
Requirements: the ideal candidate
has a firm grasp of AP style
 Why your students need
AP Style:

Position: Web News Editor

Location: Detroit, Michigan
Job Status: Full-time
Requirements: must have knowledge
of editing and AP Stylebook standards.
A writing/editing test will be given
Your students need
to know:
1. What to look up.
2. How to find it.

Lets take a tour

What to look up: The basics
Proper nouns
Numbers
Time references
Directions and regions
Abbreviations/acronyms
 Proper nouns
The stylebook tells you when and
why to capitalize nouns.

The Democratic Party sponsored a

rally outside Gov. ONeills office.
But
The party sponsored a rally outside the
governors office.
 Proper nouns
Some basic AP rules:

Capitalize nouns that constitute the

unique identification for a specific person,
place or thing. Examples:

John, Mary, America, Boston, England

 Proper nouns
Some basic AP rules:

Capitalize common nouns such as party,

river, street and west when they are an
integral part of the full name for a person,
place or thing. Examples:

Democratic Party, Mississippi River, Fleet

Street, West Virginia
 Proper nouns
BUT:

Lowercase those common nouns when

they stand alone in subsequent
references:

the party, the river, the street

 Proper nouns
Other rules (and exceptions) are found
throughout the stylebook, under
entries such as:

Brand names
Historical periods
Governmental bodies
Nationalities and races
Organizations
Trademarks
What to look up: The Basics
Proper nouns
Numbers
Time references
Directions and regions
Abbreviations/acronyms
 Numbers
The stylebook tells you when and
why to use numerals or spell them
out.

He invited two of his friends.

But
He has a 2-year-old daughter.
 Numbers
Some basic AP rules:

Spell out whole numbers below 10,

and use figures for 10 and above.
Example:

Ill bring six cans of soda and

12 paper plates to the picnic.
 Numbers
BUT:

With ages, always use figures for

people and animals (but not inanimate
objects). Examples:

The 5-year-old boy.

The 10-year-old girl.
The boy, 5, has a sister, 10.
My parents are in their 70s.
 Numbers
Other rules (and exceptions) about
numbers are found under entries
such as:

addresses
dates
dimensions
percent
speeds
times
What to look up: The Basics
Proper nouns
Numbers
Time references
Directions and regions
Abbreviations/acronyms
 Time references
The stylebook tells you how to
present the time of day, the day of
week, a calendar date, year or
decade.

The New Years countdown begins at

11:59 p.m.
or
Crime rates spiked in the 1980s.
 Time references
Some basic AP rules:

Use figures except for noon and

midnight. Only use a colon to separate
hours from minutes:

11 a.m. (not 11:00 a.m.)

But
11:03 a.m.
 Time references
Some basic AP rules:

Avoid such redundancies as:

7 a.m. Thursday morning

(AP style is 7 am. Thursday)
 Time references
Some basic AP rules:

Do not abbreviate days of the week.

Use the day of the week (Monday,

Tuesday, etc.) rather than using today,
tomorrow or yesterday.
 Time references
Some basic AP rules:
For a month with a specific date,
abbreviate all but March, April, May, June,
July. Example: Dec. 25, 1999.

For a month with a year, do not separate

with commas: January 1972

For a month, day and year, set off the year

with commas: Jan. 2, 1972.
 Time references
Some basic AP rules:

When referring to a decade, show a plural

by adding the letter s: the 1920s. (Note:
no apostrophe before the s)

But

Use an apostrophe to indicate numerals

that are left out: the 20s.
What to look up: The Basics
Proper nouns
Numbers
Time references
Directions and regions
Abbreviations/acronyms
 Directions and regions
The stylebook tells you when to
capitalize/lowercase or when to
abbreviate/spell out the names of
compass directions, regional
designations and states.
 Directions and regions
Some basic AP rules:

In general, lowercase north, south,

northeast, etc., for compass direction.
Example: The storm headed east.

But

Capitalize when they designate regions.

Example: The storm hit the Midwest and
headed for the East Coast.
 Directions and regions
Some basic AP rules:

Lowercase compass points when they

describe a section of a state or city (eastern
Idaho, northern Arizona)

But

Capitalize when part of a proper name (West

Virginia, North Korea) or a widely known
area (Southern California).
 Directions and regions
Some basic AP rules:

State names should be spelled out when they

stand alone. (Montana)

But

Abbreviate them in conjunction with a city, county

or town. (Missoula, Mont.)
(Note: Do not use two-letter Postal Service
abbreviations unless full mailing address)
 Directions and regions
Exception to the rule:

Eight states are not abbreviated in text: Alaska,

Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and
Utah.

A tip for remembering the eight:

Two are the states not part of contiguous U.S.

The rest are states with five letters or fewer.
What to look up: The Basics
Proper nouns
Numbers
Time references
Directions and regions
Abbreviations/acronyms
 Abbreviations & acronyms
The stylebook tells you when its
appropriate to abbreviate or use
acronyms and how to do so
correctly.

NASA (not N.A.S.A or written out)

No. 1 (not Number One or number 1)
John F. Kennedy Jr. (not Junior)
OK (not okay)
 Abbreviations & acronyms
Some basic AP rules:

BEFORE a name: Abbreviate formal titles.

Dr. Joyce Brothers

Gov. Schwarzenegger
Rep. Newt Gingrich
the Rev. Al Sharpton
Sen. Harry Reid
 Abbreviations & acronyms
Some basic AP rules:

AFTER a name: Abbreviate junior or senior.

Abbreviate company, corporation,
incorporated and limited. Examples:

Hank Williams Jr.

(Note: no comma before Jr.)
PepsiCo Inc.
Exxon Mobil Corp.
 Abbreviations & acronyms
Some basic AP rules:

Dont follow an organizations full name with an

acronym in parentheses. (NOTE: If the
acronym wouldnt be commonly known on
second reference, dont use it.)

National Rifle Association (NRA)

National Rifle Association
(use NRA on second reference in story).
 Abbreviations & acronyms
Other rules are found throughout the
stylebook, under entries such as:

Company names
Courtesy titles
Military titles
Religious titles
Academic titles / Academic degrees
Organizations and institutions
Judge / Court names
 The secret to
mastering style

1. Dont panic. Nobody is expected to

memorize the whole stylebook.

(After all, its 419 pages long!)

 The secret to
mastering style

2. Master the basics. The most common

rules and topical entries (like the ones in
this presentation) will become familiar
very quickly.
 The secret to
mastering style

3. Get in the habit. Train yourself to stop

and look up any word(s) that could be
presented in varying ways.

P.S. A lot of words fall under this category.

 Now ready
for a style quiz?

www.newsroom101.com
 Lets play
word association.
 What comes to mind
when you hear the word
grammar ?
 Your 6th-grade
English teacher?

Mrs. Crabtree
 Mrs. Crabtree was right.
Grammatical rules are ignored at every
level of our society. Heres how it
affects students (and everyone):

Our ears are accustomed to hearing

incorrect usage. Wrong sounds right.
Our writing is riddled with errors, and we
dont even know it.
 4 grammar topics
to teach (and re-teach)
journalism students
1. Parts of speech
2. Subject-verb agreement
3. Pronoun case
4. Plurals v. possessives
 Parts of speech

Bring back memories?

(or nightmares?)
 Parts of speech

Sentence-diagramming threats
aside

the basics are worth

revisiting.
 Parts of speech

Your students probably know that a noun

is a person, place or thing, but how
many can easily describe a
preposition or conjunction? Can they
explain the difference between
adjectives and adverbs?
 Parts of speech
1. Noun: A person, place or thing.
2. Verb: A word that describes an action or a
state of being.
3. Pronoun: A noun substitute.
4. Adjective: Describes a noun.
5. Adverb: Describes a verb, adjective or
another adverb.
6. Preposition: Works with nouns and pronouns
to create phrases.
7. Conjunction: Links words, phrases and
clauses.
8. Interjection: Gives emotion and outburst.
 Parts of speech
Can you identify all eight parts of speech
in the following sentence?

Armed guards chased him

out of the bank, and they
repeatedly yelled Stop!
 Parts of speech

Armed guards chased him

adj. n. v. pron.

out of the bank, and they

prep. conj.

repeatedly yelled Stop!

adv. interj.
 4 grammar topics
to teach (and re-teach)
journalism students
1. Parts of speech
2. Subject-verb agreement
3. Pronoun case
4. Plurals v. possessives
 Subject-verb agreement

Agreement errors are everywhere.

Why? They sound right.

The school of dolphins were visible

from the shore.
 Subject-verb agreement
Disagreement occurs when one is
singular and the other is plural.

The school of dolphins were

visible from the shore.
(school is the singular subject,
so the correct verb should be was)
 Subject-verb agreement
Common problem: Collective nouns

family, group, team, band, jury,

committee, class, etc.

They generally take singular verbs.

 Subject-verb agreement
TIP for tackling collective nouns:

Mentally cross out the prepositional

phrase after a collective noun. This
removes any confusion your ear (or
eyes) may experience.

A team of cyclists was training today.

Subject-verb agreement
Common problem: Complex
constructions such as
one of who/that

Tennis is one of those sports that

requires/require healthy knees.
 Subject-verb agreement

Tennis is one of those sports that

requires/require healthy knees.

a. Find the relative pronoun (that)

b. Find the antecedent (sports)
c. The verb must agree with the
antecedent, so its require.
 Subject-verb agreement

TIP for tackling one of who/that

Mentally invert the sentence.

Of those sports that require healthy

knees, tennis is one.
 4 grammar topics
to teach (and re-teach)
journalism students
1. Parts of speech
2. Subject-verb agreement
3. Pronoun case
4. Plurals v. possessives
 Pronoun case
Even our ears know that a pronoun
changes form when its role in a
sentence changes. Simple changes
come naturally:
We are giving them the tickets.
They are giving us the tickets.
 Pronoun case
But many students dont know why or
when to change case, and that spells
trouble when sentences are more
complex.

How often do you hear the

comments on the next page?
 Pronoun case
Her and me are going to the movies.

Me and you should play hoops today.

Dad gave him and I the extra tickets.

Each of these is common. And wrong.

 Pronoun case
Sometimes, there are no shortcuts. Know
this chart. Memorize it. Obey it. =)
Nominative Objective Possessive
(subjective)
I me my/mine
you you your/yours
he him his
she her her/hers
who whom whose
it it its
we us our/ours
they them their/theirs
 Pronoun case
Use the nominative case for:

The subject of a verb: She ran the race.

The complement of a linking verb: It is he.

An appositive in the subjective case: We

journalists need to learn grammar.
 Pronoun case
Use the objective case for:

The object of the verb: Bill showed me the way.

The object of a preposition: The gift is for us.

An appositive in the objective case: She gave the

gift to us girls.
 Pronoun case
Pop quiz: Which is correct?

Tom and me are going to the theater.

Tom and I are going to the theater.

Please save seats for Tom and me.

Please save seats for Tom and I.
 Pronoun case

It was her who told me about the robbery.

It was she who told me about the robbery.

Between you and I, John failed the test.

Between you and me, John failed the test.
 Pronoun case

Tom and me are going to the theater. WRONG

Tom and I are going to the theater. RIGHT

Please save seats for Tom and me. RIGHT

Please save seats for Tom and I. WRONG
 Pronoun case
It was her who told me about the robbery.
WRONG
It was she who told me about the robbery. RIGHT

Between you and I, John failed the test. WRONG

Between you and me, John failed the test. RIGHT
 Pronoun case
Common problem: Who v. whom?
Two strategies:

#1: If its a question, answer it.

Who/whom will you take to prom?
(I will take him.)
him=whom (theyre both objective case), so:
Whom will you take to prom?
 Pronoun case
Common problem: Who v. whom?
#2: Determine whether who/whom is
acting as a subject or an object in its
clause.

She is the senator who/whom voted for a

tax cut.
 Pronoun case
Common problem: Who v. whom?
#2: In other words, find the verb and
determine whether who/whom is
performing or receiving the action.
She is the senator who/whom voted for a tax
cut.
The pronoun is performing the action
(voted). That makes it the subject.
So who is the correct choice.
 Pronoun case
Common problem: Who v. whom?

Practice makes perfect. Send your

students here for more fun:

www.newsroom101.com
 4 grammar topics
to teach (and re-teach)
journalism students
1. Parts of speech
2. Subject-verb agreement
3. Pronoun case
4. Plurals v. possessives
 Plurals v. possessives

Why are plurals and possessives

so confusing? Heres why
 Plurals v. possessives
First, there are rules for pronouns:

No apostrophe with personal pronoun

possessives (its, hers, his, theirs,
whose).
(One of the most common errors: its)
 Plurals v. possessives
Then, there are rules for common nouns:

Plural:
The actresses are required to wear black.
Singular possessive:
The actresss paycheck was lost.
The actress salary requirements are high.
Plural possessive:
The actresses paychecks were lost.
 Plurals v. possessives
Finally, there are rules for proper nouns (and
even more rules for those pesky names that end
in s):
Singular possessive:
Bill Smiths lawn. Mike Jones lawn.
Plural:
The Smiths arrived. The Joneses arrived.
Plural possessive:
The Smiths house. The Joneses house.
A couple of tips to take home:
In some cases, memorizing a funny little
phrase can help with a grammar rule.

Choosing a relative pronoun:

He is on the Senate panel who/that voted
today.

Memorize: Who is a human, that is a thing.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun is

referring to the panel (a thing). So: that.
A couple of tips to take home:
Choosing an adjective v. adverb:
James plays the piano bad/badly.

Memorize: I feel bad that I behaved badly.

This little phrase reminds you to:

Use an adjective (bad) with a linking verb
(feel).
Use an adverb (badly) with an action verb
(behaved).
Plays is an action verb, so: badly.
 Study tools/resources
www.newsroom101.com
This top-notch site created by journalism educators
has nearly 2,000 interactive exercises on AP
style, grammar, punctuation and much more.
www.newsu.org
The Poynter Institute offers more than 60 online
training sessions, including a handful of editing-
related topics such as cleaning up copy or
rewriting stories.
 Study tools/resources
The Cronkite School recommends:
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/: Find a grammar, punctuation, and
spelling collection of links.

Also recommended:
Big Dogs Grammar: www.aliscot.com/bigdog/
Grambo: A Test of the Emergency Grammar System (John Russials
site from the University of Oregon):
http://jcomm.uoregon.edu/~russial/grammar/grambo.html#the
test
Sentence Diagrams, Eugene R. Moutoux:
http://www.geocities.com/gene_moutoux/diagrams.htm
Common Errors in English, Paul Brians:
http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/errors.html
(be sure to scroll down to see the goodies)
 And dont forget this
study tool

The back pages of the stylebook have

special sections devoted to grammar,
word use and punctuation.
Any other tips for us,
Mrs. Crabtree?
Study.