Chapter 3

Financial
Statements
and Ratio
Analysis

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All rights reserved.
 Learning Goals

LG1 Review the contents of the stockholders report and

the procedures for consolidating international
financial statements.

LG2 Understand who uses financial ratios and how.

LG3 Use ratios to analyze a firms liquidity and activity.

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 Learning Goals (cont.)

LG4 Discuss the relationship between debt and financial

leverage and the ratios used to analyze a firms debt.

LG5 Use ratios to analyze a firms profitability and its

market value.

LG6 Use a summary of financial ratios and the DuPont

system of analysis to perform a complete ratio
analysis.

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 The Stockholders Report

Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are

the practice and procedure guidelines used to prepare and
maintain financial records and reports; authorized by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, passed to eliminate the
many disclosure and conflict of interest problems of
corporations, established the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (PCAOB), which is a not-for-profit
corporation that overseas auditors.

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 The Stockholders Report
(cont.)
The PCAOB is charged with protecting the interests of
investors and furthering the public interest in the
preparation of informative, fair, and independent audit
reports.
Public corporations with more than $5 million in assets
and more than 500 stockholders are required by the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to provide
their stockholders with an annual stockholders report,
which summarizes and documents the firms financial
activities during the past year.

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 Global Focus

More Countries Adopt International Financial Reporting Standards

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are established by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
More than 80 countries now require listed firms to comply with IFRS, and
dozens more permit or require firms to follow IFRS to some degree.
In the United States, public companies are required to report financial
results using GAAP, which requires more detail than IFRS.
What costs and benefits might be associated with a switch to IFRS in the
United States?

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 Focus on Ethics

Take Earnings Reports at Face Value

Near the end of each quarter, many companies unveil their quarterly
performance.
Firms that beat analyst estimates often see their share prices jump, while
those that miss estimates by even a small amount, tend to suffer price
declines.
The practice of manipulating earnings in order to mislead investors is
known as earnings management.
Why might financial managers be tempted to manage earnings?
Is it unethical for managers to manage earnings if they disclose their
activities to investors?

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 The Four Key Financial Statements:
The Income Statement
The income statement provides a financial summary of a
companys operating results during a specified period.
Although they are prepared quarterly for reporting
purposes, they are generally computed monthly by
management and quarterly for tax purposes.

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 Table 3.1 Bartlett Company
Income Statements ($000)

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 Personal Finance Example

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 The Four Key Financial
Statements: The Balance Sheet
The balance sheet presents a summary of a firms
financial position at a given point in time.
The statement balances the firms assets (what it owns)
against its financing, which can be either debt (what it
owes) or equity (what was provided by owners).

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 Table 3.2a Bartlett Company
Balance Sheets ($000)

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 Table 3.2b Bartlett Company
Balance Sheets ($000)

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 Personal Finance Example

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 The Four Key Financial Statements:
Statement of Retained Earnings
The statement of retained earnings reconciles the net
income earned during a given year, and any cash dividends
paid, with the change in retained earnings between the start
and the end of that year.

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 Table 3.3 Bartlett Company Statement of
Retained Earnings ($000) for the Year Ended
December 31, 2012

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 The Four Key Financial Statements:
Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows provides a summary of the
firms operating, investment, and financing cash flows
and reconciles them with changes in its cash and
marketable securities during the period.
This statement not only provides insight into a companys
investment, financing and operating activities, but also
ties together the income statement and previous and
current balance sheets.

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 Table 3.4 Bartlett Company Statement of
Cash Flows ($000) for the Year Ended
December 31, 2012

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 Consolidating International
Financial Statements
FASB 52 mandates that U.S.-based companies translate
their foreign-currency-denominated assets and liabilities
into dollars, for consolidation with the parent companys
financial statements. This is done by using the current rate
(translation) method.
The current rate (translation) method is a technique
used by U.S.-based companies to translate their foreign-
currency-denominated assets and liabilities into dollars,
for consolidation with the parent companys financial
statements, using the year-end (current) exchange rate.
Income statement items are usually treated similarly.
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 Consolidating International
Financial Statements (cont.)
Equity accounts, on the other hand, are translated into
dollars by using the exchange rate that prevailed when the
parents equity investment was made (the historical rate).
Retained earnings are adjusted to reflect each years
operating profits (or losses).

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 Using Financial Ratios:
Interested Parties
Ratio analysis involves methods of calculating and interpreting
financial ratios to analyze and monitor the firms performance.
Current and prospective shareholders are interested in the firms
current and future level of risk and return, which directly affect
share price.
Creditors are interested in the short-term liquidity of the company
and its ability to make interest and principal payments.
Management is concerned with all aspects of the firms financial
situation, and it attempts to produce financial ratios that will be
considered favorable by both owners and creditors.

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 Using Financial Ratios:
Types of Ratio Comparisons
Cross-sectional analysis is the comparison of different firms
financial ratios at the same point in time; involves comparing the
firms ratios to those of other firms in its industry or to industry
averages
Benchmarking is a type of cross-sectional analysis in which the
firms ratio values are compared to those of a key competitor or
group of competitors that it wishes to emulate.
Comparison to industry averages is also popular, as in the following
example.

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 Using Financial Ratios:
Types of Ratio Comparisons (cont.)
Caldwell Manufacturings calculated inventory turnover for
2012 and the average inventory turnover were as follows:

Inventory turnover, 2012

Caldwell Manufacturing 14.8
Industry average 9.7

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 Table 3.5 Financial Ratios for Select Firms
and Their Industry Median Values

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 Using Financial Ratios: Types
of Ratio Comparisons (cont.)
Time-series analysis is the evaluation of the firms
financial performance over time using financial ratio
analysis
Comparison of current to past performance, using ratios,
enables analysts to assess the firms progress.
Developing trends can be seen by using multiyear
comparisons.
The most informative approach to ratio analysis combines
cross-sectional and time-series analyses.

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 Figure 3.1 Combined Analysis

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 Using Financial Ratios: Cautions
about Using Ratio Analysis
1. Ratios that reveal large deviations from the norm merely indicate
the possibility of a problem.
2. A single ratio does not generally provide sufficient information
from which to judge the overall performance of the firm.
3. The ratios being compared should be calculated using financial
statements dated at the same point in time during the year.
4. It is preferable to use audited financial statements.
5. The financial data being compared should have been developed in
the same way.
6. Results can be distorted by inflation.

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 Ratio Analysis Example

We will illustrate the use of financial ratios for analyzing

financial statements using the Bartlett Company Income
Statements and Balance Sheets presented earlier in
Tables 3.1 and 3.2.

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 Ratio Analysis

Liquidity Ratios

Current ratio = Current assets Current liabilities

The current ratio for Bartlett Company in 2012 is:

$1,223,000 $620,000 = 1.97

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 Matter of Fact

Determinants of liquidity needs

Large enterprises generally have well established
relationships with banks that can provide lines of
credit and other short-term loan products in the event
that the firm has a need for liquidity.
Smaller firms may not have the same access to credit,
and therefore they tend to operate with more liquidity.

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 Personal Finance Example

The personal liquidity ratio is calculated by dividing total

liquid assets by total current debt. It indicates the percent
of annual debt obligations that an individual can meet
using current liquid assets.
Calculate Jan and Jon Smiths liquidity ratio for calendar
year 2012:
Liquidity ratio = ($2,225/$21,539) = 0.1033, or 10.3%
That ratio indicates that the Smiths can cover only about
10 percent of their existing 1-year debt obligations with
their current liquid assets.

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Liquidity Ratios

The quick ratio for Bartlett Company in 2012 is:

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 Matter of Fact

The importance of inventories:

From Table 3.5:
Company Current ratio Quick ratio
Dell 1.3 1.2
Home Depot 1.3 0.4
Lowes 1.3 0.2

All three firms have current ratios of 1.3. However, the quick
ratios for Home Depot and Lowes are dramatically lower than
their current ratios, but for Dell the two ratios are nearly the
same. Why?

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Activity Ratios

Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Inventory

Applying this relationship to Bartlett Company in 2012 yields:

$2,088,000 $289,000 = 7.2

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Activity Ratios

Average Age of Inventory = 365 Inventory turnover

For Bartlett Company, the average age of inventory in 2012 is:

365 7.2 = 50.7 days

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Activity Ratios

The average collection period for Bartlett Company in 2012 is:

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 Matter of Fact

Who gets credit?

Notice in Table 3.5 the vast differences across industries in the
average collection periods.
Companies in the building materials, grocery, and merchandise
store industries collect in just a few days, whereas firms in the
computer industry take roughly two months to collect on their
sales.
The difference is primarily due to the fact that these industries
serve very different customers.

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Activity Ratios

If we assume that Bartlett Companys purchases equaled 70

percent of its cost of goods sold in 2012, its average payment
period is:

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Activity Ratios

Total asset turnover = Sales Total assets

The value of Bartlett Companys total asset turnover in 2012 is:

$3,074,000 $3,597,000 = 0.85

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 Matter of Fact

Sell it fast
Observe in Table 3.5 that the grocery business turns over assets
faster than any of the other industries listed.
That makes sense because inventory is among the most
valuable assets held by these firms, and grocery stores have to
sell baked goods, dairy products, and produce quickly or throw
them away when they spoil.
On average, a grocery stores has to replace its entire inventory
in just a few days or weeks, and that contributes to the rapid
turnover of the firms total assets.

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 Table 3.6 Financial Statements
Associated with Pattys Alternatives

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Debt Ratios

Debt ratio = Total liabilities Total assets

The debt ratio for Bartlett Company in 2012 is

$1,643,000 $3,597,000 = 0.457 = 45.7%

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Debt Ratios

Times interest earned ratio = EBIT taxes

The figure for earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) is the
same as that for operating profits shown in the income statement.

Applying this ratio to Bartlett Company yields the following

2012 value:

$418,000 $93,000 = 4.5

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Debt Ratios
Fixed-Payment coverage Ratio (FPCR)

Applying the formula to Bartlett Companys 2012 data yields:

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 Table 3.7 Bartlett Company
Common-Size Income Statements

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Bartlett Companys gross profit margin for 2012 is:

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Operating profit margin = Operating profits sales

Bartlett Companys operating profit margin for 2012 is:

$418,000 $3,074,000 = 13.6%

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Net profit margin = Earnings available for common

stockholders Sales

Bartlett Companys net profit margin for 2012 is:

$221,000 $3,074,000 = 0.072 = 7.2%

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Bartlett Companys earnings per share (EPS) in 2012 is:

$221,000 76,262 = $2.90

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Return on total assets (ROA) = Earnings available for common

stockholders Total assets

Bartlett Companys return on total assets in 2012 is:

$221,000 $3,597,000 = 0.061 = 6.1%

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Profitability Ratios

Return on Equity (ROE) = Earnings available for common

stockholders Common stock equity

This ratio for Bartlett Company in 2012 is:

$221,000 $1,754,000 = 0.126 = 12.6%

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Market Ratios

Price Earnings (P/E) Ratio = Market price per share of common

stock Earnings per share

If Bartlett Companys common stock at the end of 2012 was

selling at $32.25, using the EPS of $2.90, the P/E ratio at
year-end 2012 is:

$32.25 $2.90 = 11.1

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Market Ratios

where,

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 Ratio Analysis (cont.)

Substituting the appropriate values for Bartlett Company from its 2012
balance sheet, we get:

Substituting Bartlett Companys end of 2012 common stock price of

$32.25 and its $23.00 book value per share of common stock
(calculated above) into the M/B ratio formula, we get:

$32.25 $23.00 = 1.40

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 Table 3.8a Summary of
Bartlett Company Ratios

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 Table 3.8b Summary of
Bartlett Company Ratios

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 DuPont System of Analysis

The DuPont system of analysis is used to dissect the

firms financial statements and to assess its financial
condition.
It merges the income statement and balance sheet into two
summary measures of profitability.
The Modified DuPont Formula relates the firms ROA to
its ROE using the financial leverage multiplier (FLM),
which is the ratio of total assets to common stock equity:
ROA and ROE as shown in the series of equations on the
following slide.

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 DuPont System of Analysis

The DuPont system first brings together the net profit

margin, which measures the firms profitability on sales,
with its total asset turnover, which indicates how
efficiently the firm has used its assets to generate sales.
ROA = Net profit margin Total asset turnover
Substituting the appropriate formulas into the equation
and simplifying results in the formula given earlier,

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 DuPont System of Analysis
(cont.)
When the 2012 values of the net profit margin and total
asset turnover for Bartlett Company, calculated earlier, are
substituted into the DuPont formula, the result is:

ROA = 7.2% 0.85 = 6.1%

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 DuPont System of Analysis:
Modified DuPont Formula
The modified DuPont Formula relates the firms return on total
assets to its return on common equity. The latter is calculated by
multiplying the return on total assets (ROA) by the financial
leverage multiplier (FLM), which is the ratio of total assets to
common stock equity:
ROE = ROA FLM
Substituting the appropriate formulas into the equation and
simplifying results in the formula given earlier,

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 DuPont System of Analysis:
Modified DuPont Formula (cont.)
Substituting the values for Bartlett Companys ROA of 6.1
percent, calculated earlier, and Bartletts FLM of 2.06
($3,597,000 total assets $1,754,000 common stock
equity) into the modified DuPont formula yields:
ROE = 6.1% 2.06 = 12.6%

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 Figure 3.2
DuPont System of Analysis

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 Matter of Fact

Dissecting ROA
Return to Table 3.5 and examine the total asset
turnover figures for Dell and Home Depot.
Both firms turn their assets 1.6 times per year.
Dells ROA is 4.3%, but Home Depots is
significantly higher at 6.5%. Why?
The answer lies in the DuPont formula.
Notice that Home Depots net profit margin is 4.0%
compared to Dells 2.7%.

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 Review of Learning Goals

LG1 Review the contents of the stockholders report and the

procedures for consolidating international financial statements.
The annual stockholders report, which publicly owned corporations
must provide to stockholders, documents the firms financial activities
of the past year. It includes the letter to stockholders and various
subjective and factual information. It also contains four key financial
statements: the income statement, the balance sheet, the statement of
stockholders equity (or its abbreviated form, the statement of retained
earnings), and the statement of cash flows. Notes describing the
technical aspects of the financial statements follow. Financial
statements of companies that have operations whose cash flows are
denominated in one or more foreign currencies must be translated into
dollars in accordance with FASB Standard No. 52.

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 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG2 Understand who uses financial ratios and how.
Ratio analysis enables stockholders, lenders, and the firms managers to
evaluate the firms financial performance. It can be performed on a
cross-sectional or a time-series basis. Benchmarking is a popular type of
cross-sectional analysis. Users of ratios should understand the cautions
that apply to their use.
LG3 Use ratios to analyze a firms liquidity and activity.
Liquidity, or the ability of the firm to pay its bills as they come due, can
be measured by the current ratio and the quick (acid-test) ratio. Activity
ratios measure the speed with which accounts are converted into sales or
cashinflows or outflows. The activity of inventory can be measured
by its turnover, that of accounts receivable by the average collection
period and that of accounts payable by the average payment period.
Total asset turnover measures the efficiency with which the firm uses its
assets to generate sales.

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 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG4 Discuss the relationship between debt and financial leverage
and the ratios used to analyze a firms debt.
The more debt a firm uses, the greater its financial leverage, which
magnifies both risk and return. A common measure of indebtedness is
the debt ratio. The ability to pay fixed charges can be measured by
times interest earned and fixed-payment coverage ratios.
LG5 Use ratios to analyze a firms profitability and its market value.
The common-size income statement, which shows all items as a
percentage of sales, can be used to determine gross profit margin,
operating profit margin, and net profit margin. Other measures of
profitability include earnings per share, return on total assets, and
return on common equity. Market ratios include the price/earnings
ratio and the market/book ratio.

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 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG6 Use a summary of financial ratios and the DuPont system of
analysis to perform a complete ratio analysis.
A summary of all ratios can be used to perform a complete ratio
analysis using cross-sectional and time-series analysis. The DuPont
system of analysis is a diagnostic tool used to find the key areas
responsible for the firms financial performance. It enables the firm to
break the return on common equity into three components: profit on
sales, efficiency of asset use, and use of financial leverage.

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 Chapter Resources on
MyFinanceLab
Chapter Cases
Group Exercises
Critical Thinking Problems

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