GEOMETRIC

OPTICS
 An OBJECT is
Anything from which light
rays radiate
Point Object: object with
no physical dimension

Extended Object: any

real object with length,
width, and height
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 An IMAGE is
a pattern of light that provides
visual representation of reality

Image Point: a point where

light rays seem to converge
or diverge 3
Key points needed to locate the
image of an object

OA
C F V

C = Radius of curvature,
F = Focus, V = Vertex
OA =Optical axis
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the focal lengths for various
mirrors

f= f>0 f<0

plane concave convex

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 Spherical mirrors are
classified as either

concave mirror convex mirror

(converging mirror) (diverging mirror)

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Thin lenses are also
classified as either

converging lens diverging lens

(positive lens) (negative lens)
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The image formed by a
converging lens

for an extended object at

infinity is at the focus 8
 The image formed by a
converging lens

for point object at the focus is

at infinity 9
 The image formed by a
diverging lens

for an extended object at infinity

is at secondary focus
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The image formed by a
diverging lens

for a point object at

secondary focus is at infinity
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 Principal rays
Use at least two of these to locate the
image
center ray: no deviation through center
vertex ray: at vertex, equal angle with
optical axis
parallel ray: parallel then to/away from
focal point
focal ray: focal point then parallel
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Key idea:
The intersection of at least
two reflected/refracted
principal rays provides the
location of an image.
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Ray-tracing for
Mirrors
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Radial Ray: Any ray incident
through the center of
curvature returns onto itself.

C F V Optical axis

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 Vertex Ray: Any ray incident
through the center of the mirror is
reflected symmetrically about the
optical axis.

C F V

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 Parallel Ray: Any ray incident
parallel to the mirrors optical axis
is reflected through the focal
point.

C F V

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 Focal Ray: Any ray incident
through the mirrors focal point is
reflected parallel tot the optical
axis.

C F V

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the spherical mirror.

C F

Inverted, Reduced, Real

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the spherical mirror.

C F

Inverted, Same size, Real

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the spherical mirror.

C F

No image; (image at infinity)

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the spherical mirror.
Aberration*

C F

Upright, Magnified, Virtual

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the spherical mirror.

F C

Upright, Reduced, Virtual

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Examples of Spherical
Mirrors

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Plane/Flat Mirror

Object distance Image distance

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Extended Object in
Plane Mirror

Handedness/ Image Reversal

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 Locate and describe the
image of the object formed
by the flat mirror.

Upright, Same size, Virtual

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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
perpendicular to each other.

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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
positioned 600 from each
other.

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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
positioned 450 from each
other.

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Number of images formed
by two plane mirrors
o
360
N 1
degrees
This can only be used when the
angle degrees is an exact
divisor of 360o !!!
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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
positioned 700 from each
other.

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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
positioned 70o from each
other.

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 Find the number of images
formed by two mirrors that are
positioned 800 to each other.

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Ray-tracing for
Thin Lenses

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 Find the image of the object
formed by the thin lens and
describe it.

F F

Inverted, Reduced, Real

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 Find the image of the object
formed by the thin lens and
describe it.

F F

No image; (image at infinity)

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 Find the image of the object
formed by the thin lens and
describe it.

F F

Upright, Magnified, Virtual

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 Find the image of the object
formed by the thin lens and
describe it.

F F

Upright, Reduced, Virtual

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 Find the image of the virtual
object formed by the thin lens
and describe it.

F F

Upright, Reduced, Real

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 Find the final image of the object
formed by the two thin lenses
and describe it. The indicated
point marks are 1 cm apart.

FA FA FB FB

Upright, Same size, Real

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Numerical
Methods

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 Sign rules
Object distance
Positive if object is real object
Negative virtual object

Image distance
Positive if image is real image
Negative virtual image
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 Sign rules
Radius of curvature
Positive if same side as outgoing light
Negative opposite side
Focal length
Positive if mirror/lens is converging
Negative diverging---

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 Sign rules
Magnification
Positive if image is upright
Negative inverted

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 Mirror Equations
Object-image relation

1 1 1 2 y' s'
m
s s' f R y s
Lateral Magnification
Flat surface:
f=R R = (f = )

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 A 2-cm real object is 4 cm
from a concave mirror. The
radius of curvature of the
mirror is +10 cm. Find the
position and size of the image.

s = -20 cm
y = 10 cm
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 A 2-cm real object is 4 cm from a
convex mirror. The radius of
curvature of the mirror is -10 cm.
Find the position and size of the
image.

s = -20/9 cm
y = 10/9 cm
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 Prove that the image formed
by a plane mirror has the
same distance as the object
and that the magnification is
always one.

s = -s
y = y or m = 1

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 Thin Lens Equations
Object-image relation
1 1 1 2

s s' f R

Lateral Magnification y' s'

m
y s

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 Lensmakers equation
1 1 1 1 1
n 1
s s' r1 r2 f
n = nlens/nsurrounding
r1 = radius of curvature of first lens
r2 = radius of curvature of second lens

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 A 2-cm real object is 4 cm
from a converging thin lens
with a focal length of +3 cm.
Find the position and size of
the image.
s = 12 cm
y = -6 cm
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 The thin lens below has n = 1.5 and is
immersed in a liquid with n = 3. The
curved side has a 4-cm radius of
curvature. Calculate its focal length and
determine whether it is a converging or
diverging lens.

f = -8 cm,
diverging lens

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 The thin lens below has n = 1.5. The
faces have radii of curvature of 4 cm
and 2 cm, respectively. Calculate its
focal length and determine whether it is
a converging or diverging lens.

f = -8/3 cm, diverging

lens

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 Refraction at a plane or
spherical surface
n1 n2 n2 n1
Object-image relation
s s' r

y' n1s '

Lateral Magnification m
y n2 s

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Apparent depth

n2 s
s'
n1

Virtual image appears closer

than actual location

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 A coin is at the bottom of a 2-m
deep swimming pool. What will be
its apparent depth and lateral
magnification? (Note: nwater =
1.3, nair = 1)

s = -2/1.3 cm
m=1

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 A fish is inside a spherical aquarium
and a cat views it from outside. The
aquarium has a radius of 10 cm. The
figure below shows the actual positions.
Determine the apparent position of
the fish as seen by the cat. (Note:
nwater = 1.3)
8 cm

4 cm

s = -40/11.8 cm
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 A fish is inside a spherical aquarium
and a cat views it from outside. The
aquarium has a radius of 10 cm. The
figure below shows the actual positions.
Determine the apparent position of the
cat as seen by the fish. (Note: nwater =
1.3)
8 cm

4 cm

s = -26/3.1 cm
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Summary (for Mirrors)
focal object image distance, type of image
length, f distance, s s
f>0 Real
(concave s>0 s > 0 Inverted
mirror) s>f Magnified if f < s < 2f
Reduced if s > 2f
f>0 s>0 s < 0 Virtual
(concave s<f behind the mirror Upright
mirror) Magnified
f<0 s < 0 Virtual
(convex s>0 behind the mirror Upright
mirror) Reduced

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Summary (for Lenses)
focal object image type of image
length, f distance, s distance, s
f>0 Real
(convex , + s>0 s > 0 Inverted
lens) s>f Magnified if f < s < 2f
Reduced if s > 2f
f>0 s>0 Virtual
(convex , + s<f s < 0 Upright
lens) Magnified
f<0 Virtual
(concave, - s>0 s < 0 Upright
lens) Reduced
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 4f
image distance, s

2f

object distance, s
0
f 2f 3f 4f

-2f

converging lens
diverging lens
-4f

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 Aberration
Causes
object is not usually a plane but we
want to record the image on a
plane photographic film
point object produces a point image
only approximately
refracting properties of lens
material vary with wavelength
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 Spherical Aberration
occurs because spherical mirror only
approximates the ideally focusing
shape of a parabola

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 Spherical Aberration
Solutions
1) ensure that incident rays are as close and
as parallel as possible to the optical lens axis
2) use only the central portion of the lens

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 Chromatic Aberration
occurs because refractive index
varies with wavelength (dispersion)

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 Chromatic Aberration
Solution:
Use composite lenses made from
different materials whose differing
refractive indices allow several colors to
focus at the same point

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Aberration corrected Hubble
telescope

Pre - and post - servicing Hubble telescope

images of the M100 Spiral Galaxy

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-End-