Physics For Technical Students I: Chapter 18 & 19: Heat and Work Idea Gases
Physics For Technical Students I: Chapter 18 & 19: Heat and Work Idea Gases
W = 0
isochoric: dEint dQ dWby
Volume increases,
Pressure decreases: Two step: Figure shows four paths on p-V
area > 0 -> W > 0 Volume increases then diagram along which a gas can be
Pressure decreases:
(gas expands)
area > 0 -> W > 0 taken from state i to state f. Rank:
1) Eint ?
2) Work done by gas?
Work and Heat are NOT CONSERVATIVE: depends on path
3) Heat transferred?
Eint does NOT depend on path !!
5) Isothermal: Temperature does not change Well talk about this later
Sample Problem 18-5
Let 1.0 kg of liquid at 100C be converted to steam at 100C by boiling
at twice atmospheric pressure (2 atm) as shown. The volume of the
water changes from an initial value of 1.010-3 m3 as a liquid to 1.671 m3
as a gas.
Here, energy is transferred from the thermal reservoir as heat until the
liquid water is changed completely to steam. Work is done by the expanding
gas as it lifts the loaded piston against a constant atmospheric pressure.
Vf
Wby WA B WB C WC A
VB VC VA
p
VA
A B dV p
VB
B C dV p
VC
CA dV 20 10
pA B (V ) V m -3 Pa
3 3
pB C (V ) 30 Pa
4 1 1
VC A 0
20
3
V 103 dV 30 dV pC A dV
1 4 1
1 m3
4 m3 1 m 3
20 1
V 2 103 V 30 V 0 30 J
3 2
4 m3
E int,monotonic N 32 kT 32 nRT
The internal energy
of an ideal gas depends
E int,monotonic 32 nRT only on the temperature
Avogadros Number
One mole is the number of atoms in 12 g sample of carbon-12
Further experiments showed that all low-density gases obey the equation pV nRT .
Here R 8.31 K/mol K and is known as the "gas constant." The equation itself is
known as the "ideal gas law." The constant R can be expressed as R kN A .
Here k is called the Boltzmann constant and is equal to 1.38 10-23 J/K.
N
If we substitute R as well as n in the ideal gas law we get the equivalent form:
NA
pV NkT . Here N is the number of molecules in the gas.
The behavior of all real gases approaches that of an ideal gas at low enough densities.
Low densities means that the gas molecules are far enough apart that they do not
interact with one another, but only with the walls of the gas container.
19-1: Gold has a molar mass of 197 g/mol. (a) How many moles of
gold are in 2.50g sample of pure gold? (b) How many atoms are in the
sample? Au has 79 protons and ~118 neutrons.
M sample 2.5g
n= 0.0127 mol.
M (molar mass) 197g / mol.
M
Each atom has a mass m
NA
Where M is the molar mass
Total M
7.5 10 74.9 10 kg / mol
24 3
6.02 10 mol
24 1
M 0.933 kg
19-3: The best laboratory vacuum has a pressure of about 1.00 x
10-13 Pa or 10-18 atm. How many gas molecules are there per
cubic centimeter in such a vacuum at 293 K?
n
pV
10 13
Pa 106 m3
4.1x1023 mole
RT 8.31J / mol.K 293K
From ideal gas law, this means that for a given isotherm:
1
pV constant p nRT Relates p and V
V
V f
The work done by the gas is then: Wby,isothermal nRT ln
T =0 Vi
Vf Vf Vf
nRT dV p
Wby pdV
Vi
V
dV nRT V nRT ln i
p f
Vi Vi
nRT
Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Temperature
Consider the gas shown in the figure. It is held at a
constant temperature T and undergoes an isothermal
expansion from volume Vi to volume V f . The process
follows the red line on the lower figure. The work
W done by the ideal gas is given by the equation
Vf
Vf
W nRT ln .
Vi
Vf
For expansion we have : V f Vi ln 0 W 0.
Vi
Vf
For compression we have : V f Vi ln 0 W 0.
Vi
Sample problem 19-2: One mole of oxygen expands at a constant
temperature T of 310 K from an initial volume Vi of 12 L to a final volume
Vf of 19 L. How much work is done by the gas during the expansion.
W = 1180 J
Summary
pressure i
Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Volume
Consider process i f . and V contant.
f
The work W done by the gas is W pdV 0.
volume
Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Pressure
pressure
volume W pdV p dV p V
Vi Vi
f Vi .
Vf