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Lesson 10

Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

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Vienna Corrine Q. Abucejo
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29 views

Lesson 10

Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

Uploaded by

Vienna Corrine Q. Abucejo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYLLOGISTIC RULES AND

FALLACIES
Rule1. there must only be three terms in the
entire syllogism, each of which must occur
twice and must be used exactly in the same
meaning throughout the argument.
Ex. (1a) (3a)
All men are bodily beings.
(2a) (1b)
Carlos is a man.
(2b) (3b)
Therefore, Carlos is a bodily being.
Rule 2. the middle term must be universal in at least
one of the premises.
P m
Ex. All monkeys are banana-eaters.
S m
Juan is a banana-eater.
S p
Therefore, Juan is a monkey.

This syllogism violate the rule and said to commit


the fallacy of the particular middle.
Rule 3. The major and minor terms must be
universal in the premises if they are universal in the
conclusion.
M p
Ex. All judges are lawyers.
s M
Some professionals are not judges.
s P
Therefore, some professionals are not lawyers.

This syllogism violate the rule and said to commit


the fallacy of the illicit major.
M p
Ex. All communists are subversive elements.
M s
All communists are critics of government.
S p
Therefore, all critics of govt. are subversive
elements

This syllogism violate the rule and said to


commit the fallacy of the illicit minor.
Rule 4. there must be at least one affirmative premise.

Ex. No cats are dogs

No dogs are mice.

We cannot draw a valid conclusion from these


premises since the middle term dogs is excluded
from the major term cats. The same is true with
the minor premise. In this manner, the middle
term excludes the minor and major terms from
each other instead of bridging them. A conclusion
drawn from two negative premises commits the
fallacy of exclusive premises.
Rule 5. there must be at least one universal premise.

m p
Ex. Some politicians are Filipinos
S M
Some Cebuanos are not politicians.
S P
Therefore, some Cebuanos are not Filipinos.

This syllogism violate the rule and said to commit the


fallacy of the particular premises.
Rule 6. the conclusion is particular if one of the premises
is particular, and it is negative if one of the premises is
negative.

m p
Ex. Some logicians are philosophers
s m
Some philosophers are atheists.
S p
Therefore, All atheists are logicians.

This syllogism violate the rule and said to commit the


fallacy of drawing universal conclusion from particular
premises.

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