UNIT III

THE CLAUSE COMPLEX

TAXIS & LOGICO_SEMANTIC
RELATIONS
Class plan
Reviewing taxis (parataxis & hypotaxis)
Introducing logico-semantic types (expansion)
Introducing logico-semantic types (projection)
The rank-scale reviewed

We need to review the rank scale to accommodate the

clause complex:

Clause/clause-complex
Group/phrase
Word
Morpheme
The rank-scale reviewed

The clause complex is at the same rank as the clause.

This means the clause complex is not made up of
clauses, but is rather a clause that is extended by the
addition of further clauses (by iteration).

The clause is a multivariate structure (a structure made

up of different kinds of elements)

The clause complex is a univariate (serial) structure,

where the same element is repeated again and again by
iterarion.
The clause complex as a univariate/
iterative structure
-He resigned his position in the company.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30
|| as he believed in the need for renewal.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30 ||
as he believed || he should make room for younger people || to
ensure renewal.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30 ||
as he believed || he should make room for younger people || to
ensure renewal in the company || and he decided || he would
enjoy some rest and the company of his family || or he was also a
bit tired || and .
The clause complex - definition

One or more clauses linked by tactic and

logico-semantic relations.

One or more figures (configuration of

process, participants and circumstances)
linked by tactic or logico-semantic
relations
The clause complex systems involved

Taxis: parataxis & hypotaxis

Logico-semantic-relations: expansion and

projection
Taxis

System that determines the status of the

clauses in the clause complex.
Parataxis: Clauses have an equal status (=
coordinated or juxtaposed clauses -1, 2, 3)
Hypotaxis: clauses have a different status
(main clause and dependent clause - )
Parataxis and Hypotaxis illustrated

1 She graduated from high school

2 and then (she) undertook a trip through the
country. (parataxis)

When she graduated from high school,

she undertook a trip through the country.
(hypotaxis)
Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis
identified

(i) Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the car.
(ii) Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car.
(iii) Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks.
(iv) There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate
people about these risks.
(v)We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking,
if we are going to improve safety.
(vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire
broke out at their homes.
(vii) He is the greatest artist Ive ever known; his art is indeed
unsurpassed.
Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis
identified

(i) 1 Sam bought the tickets || 2 and Sue parked the car.
(ii) Sam bought the tickets || while Sue parked the car.
(iii) 1 Highwalking is largely safe, || 2 but there are risks.
(iv) 1 There are risks in highwalking || 2 and we have to
educate people about these risks.
(v) We have to educate people about the risks in
highwalking, || if we are set on improving safety.
(vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, || when
fire broke out at their homes.
(vii) 1 He is the greatest artist [[ Ive ever known]]; || 2 his art
is indeed unsurpassed.
Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis
identified
(viii) The match was cancelled, because it started to rain.
(ix) I have bought some beautiful tapestries; you will surely
like them.
(x) As it started to rain, the match was cancelled.
(xi) There was no moon that night and, as a result, they took
the wrong turning.
(xii) He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties
of tourists.
(xiii) They advised me to emigrate, which is the last thing Id
do.
(xiv) He always stays at home during the weekend; he never
ever goes out.
Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis
identified
(viii) The match was cancelled, || because it started to rain.
(ix) 1 I have bought some beautiful tapestries; || 2 you will surely like
them.
(x) As it started to rain, || the match was cancelled.
(xi) 1 There was no moon that night || 2 and, as a result, they took the
wrong turning.
(xii) He has a summer job with a travel agency, || guiding parties of
tourists.
(xiii) They advised me to emigrate, || which is the last thing [[Id do]].
(xiv) 1 He always stays at home during the weekend; || 2 he never ever
goes out.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations
TAXIS

PARATAXIS
HYPOTAXIS

combines with
LOGICO_SEMANTIC RELATIONS of two types:

EXPANSION

PROJECTION
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations
introduced
He is really well-to-do; he has lots of money.
He has lots of friends; he has many friends in his
neighbourhood, at school and in his job.
He graduated and he immediately applied for a job.
He had graduated with honours, but it was difficult to
get jobs then.
Once he graduated, he applied for a job.
He thought Jane was kind. He thought Jane is kind.
He answered the door was locked. The door is locked,
he answered.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations
introduced
He is really well-to-do; || he has lots of money.
He has lots of friends; || he has many friends in his
neighbourhood, at school and in his job.
He graduated || and he immediately applied for a job.
Once he graduated, || he applied for a job.
He thought || Jane was kind.
He thought ||Jane is kind.
He said || that the door was locked.
The door is locked, || he said.
Logico-semantic relations
LOGICO_SEMANTIC RELATIONS are of two kinds
and each is sub-classified in subtypes:

EXPANSION (elaboration, extension, enhancement)

PROJECTION (verbal, mental: quoting, reporting)

Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
EXPANSION
ELABORATION (that is to say relationship)
Specification
This stew is awful; its too salty
This test is difficult; its too long and has several questions we
have not discussed in class.
He was tired; he had worked all day long and had not taken
any nap.
The teacher, who was by then very tired of Johns unruly
behavior, asked him to leave the room.
Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION (that is to say relationship)
Specification
This stew is awful; || its too salty (parataxis)
This test is difficult; || its too long and has several questions
we have not discussed in class. (parataxis)
He was tired; || he had worked all day long and had not
taken any nap. (parataxis)
The teacher, <<who was by then very tired of Johns unruly
behaviour>>, asked him to leave the room. (hypotaxis)
Tom has refused to help us, || which shows that he is still
angry. (hypotaxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION
RESTATEMENT
This stew is awful; its completely off.
This test is difficult; its really complicated.
He was tired; he was really exhausted.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION
RESTATEMENT
This stew is awful; || its completely off. (parataxis)
This test is difficult; || its really complicated. (parataxis)
He was tired; || he was really exhausted. (parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION

EXEMPLIFICATION
Ive played in several orchestras; Ive played in the Darwin
Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia.
He holds several degrees by renowned institutions; he holds a
BA degree by the University of Northern Illinois, for
example, and then a MA degree by the University of
Pensylvania and a PhD by the University of California.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION
EXEMPLIFICATION
Ive played in several orchestras; || Ive played in the Darwin
Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. (parataxis)
He holds several degrees by renowned institutions; || he
holds a BA degree by the University of Northern Illinois, for
example, and then a MA degree by the University of
Pensylvania and a PhD by the University of California.
(parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
ELABORATION generally combines with parataxis,
except for a few cases in which elaboration, usually
specification, combines with hypotaxis (non-
restrictive/non-defining relative clauses). Hypotactic
clauses are FINITE.

The teacher, <<who was by then very tired of Johns unruly

behaviour>>, asked him to leave the room. (hypotaxis)

Tom has refused to help us, || which shows that he is still

angry. (hypotaxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION (and, but, or relationships)
I play a French horn and my sister plays oboe.
He left that day and never came back.
He is not only very good at maths, language and history
but also stands out in sports.
I love French horns but I am less apt with saxophones.
He is very friendly with strangers but very irritable at
home.
I could practice this evening or I could lazily watch TV.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION (and, but, or relationships)
I play a French horn || and my sister plays oboe.
(parataxis)
He left that day || and never came back. (parataxis)
He is not only very good at maths, language and history
|| but also stands out in sports. (parataxis)
I love French horns || but I am less apt with
saxophones. (parataxis)
He is very friendly with strangers || but very irritable at
home. (parataxis)
I could practice this evening || or I could lazily watch
TV. (parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION (and, but, or relationships)
Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, she sings
in a choir.
I play a French horn whereas/while my sister plays
oboe.
I will watch TV this evening instead of practicing.
I will watch TV this evening rather than practice for the
exam.
She left, slamming the door behind her.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION (and, but, or relationships)
Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, || she
sings in a choir. (hypotaxis)
I play a French horn || whereas/while my sister plays
oboe. (hypotaxis)
I will watch TV this evening || instead of studying for
the exam. (hypotaxis)
I will watch TV this evening || rather than practice for
the exam. (hypotaxis).
He left, || slamming the door behind her.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION combines both with parataxis (and, but,
or, so, for) and hypotaxis (instead of, rather than ,
besides, whereas/while) though it is more frequent with
the former one. Hypotactic clauses in this case can be
Finite or NON-Finite.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Temporal
I went to the rehearsal after lecturing all day.
Call me whenever you can.
Cook the meat until it is tender.
She made an important decision once she had spoken to
him.
I lectured all day and then went to the rehearsal.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Temporal
I went to the rehearsal || after lecturing all day.
(hypotaxis)
Call me || whenever you can. (hypotaxis)
Cook the meat || until it is tender. (hypotaxis)
She made an important decision || once she had spoken
to him. (hypotaxis)
I lectured all day || and then went to the rehearsal.
(parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Conditional
You wont have time to practice if you teach day and night.
I will go to the party as long as/provided that he comes along.
Practise regularly; otherwise/or else you wont make as much
progress as you want to.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Conditional
You wont have time to practice || if you teach day and
night. (hypotaxis)
I will go to the party || as long as/provided that he comes
along. (hypotaxis)
Practise regularly; || otherwise/or else you wont make as
much progress as you want to. (parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Causal (reason/purpose)
We didnt have the rehearsal on Monday because it was a
public holiday.
He was very tired as he had worked all day long.
He had worked all day long, so he was very tired.
Since he was only 16, his mother did not allow him to go out
alone.
She studied hard in order that/so that her parents would be
proud of her.
She studied hard to/in order to/so as to get ahead in life.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Causal (reason/purpose)
We didnt have the rehearsal on Monday because it was a public holiday.
(hypotaxis reason)
He was very tired as he had worked all day long. (hypotaxis reason)
He had worked all day long, so he was very tired. (parataxis reason)
Since he was only 16, his mother did not allow him to go out alone.
(hypotaxis reason)
She studied hard in order that/so that her parents would be proud of her.
(hypotaxis purpose)
She studied hard to/in order to/so as to get ahead in life. (hypotaxis
purpose)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Concessive
We had rehearsal on Monday although/even though it was a
public holiday.
In spite of being only 10 years old, he is very considerate and
thoughtful.
He is only 10 years old; yet/still he is very considerate and
thoughtful.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Concessive
We had rehearsal on Monday || although/even though it was
a public holiday. (hypotaxis)
In spite of being only 10 years old, || he is very considerate
and thoughtful. (hypotaxis)
He is only 10 years old; || yet/still he is very considerate and
thoughtful. (parataxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
Spatial
She was welcome wherever we went.
They stopped wherever night fell.

Manner
Im developing a more pleasing sound by changing my
embouchoure.
He is getting ahead in life (by) working hard.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
Spatial
She was welcome || wherever we went. (hypotaxis)
They stopped || where(ver) night fell. (hypotaxis)

Manner
Im developing a more pleasing sound || by changing my
embouchoure. (hypotaxis)
He is getting ahead in life || (by) working hard. (hypotaxis)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT usually combines with hypotaxis,
though there are some paractactic conjunctions which express
enhancement (so, for and and followed by
then/yet/still)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Projection
PROJECTION can be of two kinds
VERBAL PROJECTION (projected clause = IDEA)

MENTAL PROJECTION (projected clause =

LOCUTION)

ADDITIONALLY it can be of the

QUOTING type

REPORTING type
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Projection
PROJECTION
VERBAL (LOCUTION)
Proposition (Statement or Question)
He said I will never surrender.
He said that he would never surrender
He asked whether/if they would surrender.
Proposal (Command)
He said/ordered Go to the park.
He told us/commanded us/ordered us to go to the park.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
projection
PROJECTION
VERBAL (LOCUTION)
Proposition (Statement or question)
He said || I will never surrender. (quote/parataxis)
He said || that he would never surrender (report/hypotaxis)
He asked || whether/if they would surrender.
(report/hypotaxis)
Proposal (Command)
He said/ordered ||Go to the park. (quote)
He told us/commanded us/ordered us || to go to the park.
(report)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
projection
MENTAL (IDEA)
Proposition
He thought What a good idea!
He thought that was a good idea.
He thought When will she leave?
Proposal
He thought to himself Keep quiet!
He thought that he should keep quiet.
He wanted his friends to help.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
projection
MENTAL (IDEA)
Proposition
He thought ||What a good idea! (quote/parataxis)
He thought || that was a good idea. (report/hypotaxis)
He thought || When will she leave? (quote/parataxis)
Proposal
He thought to himself || Keep quiet! (quote/parataxis)
He thought || that he should keep quiet. (report/hypotaxis)
He wanted || his friends to help. (report/hypotaxis)
Identifying quote or report
(i) I am a professional, he answered angrily.
(ii) He said that he liked the place.
(iii) And I think to myself What a wonderful world.
(iv) I will marry him, she thought.
(v) She claimed that she had never seen the man before.
(vi) I am the person you are looking for, he confessed.
(vii) Dont you ever speak to me like that again, she yelled.
(viii) But isnt he the manager? she asked.
(ix) She wanted to know if he was comfortable in his room.
(x) She asked whether he would stay one more day.
Identifying quote or report
A I 1 I am a professional, ||
II 2 he answered angrily.
B I He said ||
II that he liked the place.
C I 1And I think to myself ||
II 2 What a wonderful world.
D I 1 I will marry him, ||
II 2 she thought.
E I She claimed ||
II that she had never seen the man before.
Identifying quote or report
F I 1I am the person you are looking for, ||
II 2 he confessed.
G I 1 Dont you ever speak to me like that again, ||
II 2 she yelled.
H I 1 But isnt he the manager? ||
II 2 she asked.
She wanted to know if he was comfortable in his room.
She asked whether he would stay one more day.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes and LS relationsions

The match was cancelled, because it started to rain.

I have bought some beautiful tapestries and I think you will
like them.
As it started to rain, the match was cancelled.
There was no moon that night and, as a result, they took the
wrong turning.
He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties of
tourists.
They advised me to emigrate, which is the last thing Id do.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

She got married and moved to New York.

She moved to New York and got married.
Its like going out with a child; she stops dead and refuses to
go on.
You will have to make up a better excuse: no-one will believe
that.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

Alcoholic drinks are sold out to adults, i.e. they are sold to
people over 18.
Several countries have signed the pact; specifically all the EC
countries have done so.
There are lots of things you might do; for example, you might
learn to play the piano.
Take extra care when driving at night.
Though feeling unwell, she made an extra effort to appear
cheerful.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

Without having read the book, I do not wish to give an

opinion.
The picture is not an original; in other words, its a forgery.
We became tourists; or rather, we became tramps.
Look the two ways before crossing the road.
We need someone to fix this machine; that is to say, we need
a mechanic.
After applying one coat of paint, leave it to dry.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

You cant count on the trains being punctual here; for instance, the 10:55
left at 11:15 yesterday.
His new novel is a best-seller, which is what everyone expected.
I was completely ignorant of women; in fact I knew none except my own
sisters.
I didnt mind their questions; indeed, I was glad to be able to answer
them.
They decided not to go, which turned out to be a mistake.
We should get through this job fairly soon; actually, there is very little left
to do.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

He doesnt like bacon and also hes better without it.

The burglar broke into the house, while they were asleep.
It is a very simple device, but its very effective.
As soon as she got into bed, the telephone rang.
Stay in bed, until the rain goes away.
If you believe that, you will believe anything.
While I admire his tenacity, I deplore his rudeness.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes

We promised you the sun would shine, which it did.

They spread the cloth on the grass and then began unpacking the picnic.
The crowd roared as the ball went into the net.
Perhaps she thinks it sounds better, which it does really.
We had to stay overnight because the car broke down.
He is not eating his main meal until 11 oclock, which is stupid.
Soon after the war ended, the men returned.
Fasten the sunshade securely, so that it wont blow away.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes
When you reach the station, give me a call.
Jane already speaks two foreign languages, whereas/while her
brother hasnt learned any.
When he saw me, he waved.
He talks as though he owned the place.
In order that no mistakes should be made, everyone must be
informed.
Since he wont answer the phone wed better leave a note.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes
She promised to keep in touch, but she never phoned or
wrote.
When he saw me, he waved.
You can add the wine to the water or you can add the water
to the wine.
Come round, whenever you can.
Jane already speaks two foreign languages, but her brother
hasnt learned any.