REMOTE SENSING

WHAT IS IT ?
REMOTE SENSING
OUR SENSES
HOW ARE YOU USING THEM ?
COULD THIS BE CALLED REMOTE
SENSING ?
IS THIS REMOTE SENSING ?
IS THIS REMOTE SENSING ?
IS THIS REMOTE SENSING ?
IS THIS REMOTE SENSING ?
 WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING
REMOTE - WITHOUT TOUCHING
( FROM A DISTANCE )

SENSING - COLLECTING INFORMATION

( OBJECTS/THINGS/PHENOMENA )
0N EARTH
 DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING
"REMOTE SENSING IS THE SCIENCE (AND TO
SOME EXTENT, ART) OF ACQUIRING
INFORMATION ABOUT THE EARTH'S SURFACE
WITHOUT ACTUALLY BEING IN CONTACT WITH
THE OBJECT. THIS IS DONE BY SENSING AND
RECORDING REFLECTED OR EMITTED ENERGY
AND PROCESSING, ANALYZING, AND APPLYING
THAT INFORMATION."
PHOTOGRAPHY LOIUS DAGUERRE
IN 1839 AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF
EXPERIMENTATION AND NIEPCE'S DEATH,
DAGUERRE DEVELOPED A MORE CONVENIENT
AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF PHOTOGRAPHY,
NAMING IT AFTER HIMSELF - THE
DAGUERREOTYPE
 CAMERA & PHOTOGRAPHY
"PHOTOGRAPHY" IS DERIVED FROM THE
GREEK WORDS PHOTOS ("LIGHT") AND
GRAPHEIN ("TO DRAW") THE WORD WAS
FIRST USED BY THE SCIENTIST SIR JOHN
F.W. HERSCHEL IN 1839. IT IS A METHOD
OF RECORDING IMAGES BY THE ACTION
OF LIGHT, OR RELATED RADIATION, ON A
SENSITIVE MATERIAL.
 POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHY
IN 1839, DAGUERRE AND NIEPCE'S SON SOLD
THE RIGHTS FOR THE DAGUERREOTYPE TO
THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT AND PUBLISHED
A BOOKLET DESCRIBING THE PROCESS. THE
DAGUERREOTYPE GAINED POPULARITY
QUICKLY; BY 1850, THERE WERE OVER
SEVENTY DAGUERREOTYPE STUDIOS IN NEW
YORK CITY ALONE.
PHOTOGRAPHY ATOP A HILL
 COLONEL AIME LAUSSADAT
Invention
Considerable debate and uncertainty surrounds the question of
who was first to take aerial photographs from a kite. The earliest
attempt to take aerial photographs was made by Colonel Aim
Laussedat of the French Army Corps of Engineers (Wolf and Dewitt
2000). In 1849, he experimented with kites and balloons, but he
was unsuccessful. The first known aerial photograph was taken
from a balloon in 1858 by Gaspard Felix Tournachon, later known as
"Nadar" (Colwell 1997). He ascended in a captive balloon to a
height of several hundred meters and photographed the village of
Petit Bicetre, France. Later that same year, Laussedat again tried to
use a glass-plate camera lifted by several kites (Colwell 1997), but it
is uncertain if he was successful. The oldest surviving airphotos
were taken by S.A. King and J.W. Black from a balloon in 1860 over
Boston.
CHERRY PICKER VAN HOT AIR BALLOON
SOME AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY BY
AMATEURS
AEROPLANE THE WRIGHT BROTHERS
1902
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
 STRATEGIC AERIAL PHOTGRAPHY

Hermann Wilhelm Gring was a German

politician and military leader, a leading member
of the Nazi Party, second in command of the
Third Reich, designated successor to Adolf Hitler,
and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air
Force). Gring was a veteran of World War I.
AERIAL REMOTE SENSING
SOME AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
 SATELLITES REMOTE SENSING

NATURAL SATELLITES ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

(MAN MADE)
 GPS
The GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM is a constellation of satellites that orbit the earth twice a day, transmitting precise time and position
(latitude, longitude and altitude) information. With a GPS receiver, users can determine their location anywhere on the Earth. Position
and navigation information is vital to a broad range of professional and personal activities, including hiking, hunting, camping, boating,
surveying, aviation, national defense, vehicle tracking, navigation and more.
The complete system consists of 24 satellites orbiting about 12,000 miles above the Earth, and five ground stations to monitor and
manage the satellite constellation. These satellites provide 24-hour-a-day coverage for both two-and three- dimensional positioning
anywhere on Earth.
Development of the $10 billion GPS satellite navigation system was begun in the 1970s by the US Department of Defense, which
continues to manage the system, to provide continuous, worldwide positioning and navigation data to US military forces around the
globe. However, GPS has an even broader civilian, commercial application. To meet these needs, GPS offers two levels of service, one
for civilian access and the second encrypted for exclusive military use. The GPS signals are available to an unlimited number of users
simultaneously, and there is no charge for using the GPS Satellites either.
How Does GPS Work?
The basis of GPS technology is precise time and position information. Using atomic clocks and location data, each satellite continuously
broadcast the time and its position. A GPS receiver receives these signals, listening to three or more satellites at once, to determine the
users position on earth.
By measuring the time interval between the transmission and the reception of a satellite signal, the GPS receiver calculates the user and
each satellite. Using the distance measurements of at least three satellites in an algorithm computation, the GPS receiver arrives at an
accurate position fix. Information must be received from three satellites in order to obtain two-dimensional fixes(latitude and
longitude) known as triangulation, and four satellites are required for three-dimensional positioning (latitude, longitude and altitude).
Under normal conditions, the GPS signal will provide a civilian user an accuracy of better than 15 meters (50 feet). However, using a
technique called differential GPS (DGPS), the user can increase the overall accuracy of the GPS receiver to approximately 1-3 meters.
With DGPS, one GPS receiver unit is placed in a known location and the position information from that receiver is used to calculate
correction in the position data transmitted to other GPS receivers in the area. The resulting real-time accuracy is in the 10 foot range.
Sub-meter accuracy can be obtained by using DGPS and post-processing calculations in static positioning.
GPS CONSTELLATION
DIFFERENT SENSOR PLATFORMS
GROUND TRUTH RADIOMETERS
 TYPES OF SATELLITES
SUNSYNCHRONOUS

GEOSYNCHRONOUS
 PROCESS OF REMOTE SENSING
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A) - the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy
source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest.
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) - as the energy travels from its source to the target, it will
come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may take
place a second time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.
3. Interaction with the Target (C) - once the energy makes its way to the target through the
atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the
radiation.
4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from
the target, we require a sensor (remote - not in contact with the target) to collect and record the
electromagnetic radiation.
5. Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E) - the energy recorded by the sensor has to be
transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are
processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital).
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F) - the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or
electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.
7. Application (G) - the final element of the remote sensing process is achieved when we apply the
information we have been able to extract from the imagery about the target in order to better
understand it, reveal some new information, or assist in solving a particular problem.
These seven elements comprise the remote sensing process from beginning to end. We will be
covering all of these in sequential order throughout the five chapters of this tutorial, building upon
the information learned as we go. Enjoy the journey!
 FOUR REQUIREMENTS FOR RS
1. OBJECT 2. ILLUMINATION

3. MEDIUM 4. SENSOR
 REGION WAVELENGTH ENERGY
(CMS) (eV)
RADIO > 10 <10
MICROWAVE 10 - 0.01 10 - 0.01
INFRARED 0.01 - 7 x 10-5
VISIBLE 7 x 10-5 - 4 x 10-5
ULTRAVIOLET 4x 10-5 10 -7
X-RAYS 10-7 - 10-9
GAMMARAYS < 10-9
EMR
ENERGY MATTER INTERACTION
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
 SRS VS CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
SYNOPTIC VIEWS
REPETIVITY
INACESSIBLE AREAS CAN BE MONITORED
COST EFFECTIVE
TIME SAVING
 ASSIMILATORY TEST- 1
DOES THE ACT OF LISTENING QUALIFY AS
REMOTE SENSING?
DEFINE REMOTE SENSING.
GIVE YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE OF RS.
GIVE THE NAME OF AN ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE
SYSTEM WHICH YOU USE ROUTINELY.
LIST THE FOUR COMPONENTS OF S RS.
 T POINTS
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE
ATMOSPHERIC WINDOWS
 SPECTRAL SIGNATURES
REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION
When radiation from the Sun reaches the surface of the Earth,
some of the energy at specific wavelengths is absorbed and the rest
of the energy is reflected by the surface material.
The only two exceptions to this situation are if the surface of a body
is a perfect reflector or a true black body. The occurrence of these
surfaces in the natural world is very rare.
In the visible region of the EM spectrum, the feature we describe
as the color of the object is the visible light that is not absorbed by
that object.
In the case of a green leaf, for example, the blue and red
wavelengths are absorbed by the leaf, while the green wavelength
is reflected and detected by our eyes.
VARIATIONS IN SPECTRAL SIGNATURES
 CONCEPT OF BRIGHTNESS
GREY SCALE
SCALE
 RESOLUTION
SPATIAL OBJECT DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL- BAND WIDTH
RADIOMETRIC- GREY LEVELS
TEMPORAL- REPETIVITY
MULTISPECTRAL VS PANCROMATIC
FCC / TCC OF DIFFERENT SPECTRAL BANDS
BLACK AND WHITE
 ASSIMILATORY TEST -2
DEFINE SCALE
GREY SCALE CORRESPONDS TO WHICH TYPE
OF RESOLUTION ?
FOR URBAN PLANNERS WHICH WOULD
CONSTRUE AS AN APT DATA REPETIVITY?
WHICH DATA IS ROUTINELY USED BY URBAN
PLANNERS/ DISASTER MANAGERS ?
 INDIAN REMOTE SENSING
PROGRAMME
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY (1920) SURVEY
EXPERIMENTS.
FLOOD ASSESSMENTS ( 1926) RIVER INDUS AT
DERA ISMAIL KHAN
B/W AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ( 1: 15:000 SCALE
MAP MAKING)
USE OF MULTI SPECTRAL PHOTOGRAPHS WAS
FIRST EXPERIMENTED BY PR PISHAROTY & HIS
TEAM FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COCONUT
PLANTATION DISEASE ( 1970 ).
DOS ISRO, NNRMS NRSA ( 1975 )
SPEARHEAD OF THE INDIAN SPACE
PROGRAMME
 EVOLUTION OF INDIAN REMOTE
SENSING PROGRAMME
BHASKARA I 1979
BHASKARA II 1981

IRS IA - 1988
IRS IB
IRS - IC
INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT
RRSSCs
DEVELOPMENT LFOE
HME
ORP
GTR
CHERRYPICKER VAN
STATE REMOTE SENSING CELLS.
 EVOLUTION OF REMOTE SENSING
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
B/W PHOTOGRAPHY
COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY
SECOND WORLD WAR
FALSE COLOUR IR PHOTOGRAPHY
IR SCANNERS
RADAR IMAGING
 EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES
1960 - TIROS I (Television Infrared Observation
Satellite ) Designed for Meteorological Operations
GEMINI /APOLLO MISSION
REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES
1972 - ERTS I (Earth Resources Observation Satellite
Programme )
1975 - LANDSAT II
1978 - LANDSAT III ( 5TH BAND TIR )
1982 - LANDSAT IV
1984 - LANDSAT V ( TM, MIR )
 EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES
FRENCH SATELLITES
SYSTEM PROBERTOIRE OBSERVATION DE LA
TERRE ( SPOT )
1986 SPOT I
1990 SPOT II
1993 SPOT III
 EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES
INDIA
INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES ( IRS )
1988 IRS - 1A
1991 - IRS - 1B
1994 IRS P2
1995 - IRS 1C
1997 - IRS - 1D
 SENSORS
OPTICAL MECHANICAL SCANNERS
LISS
ACTIVE SENSORS ( LIDAR )
MICROWAVE - ACTIVE ( SLAR, SAR )
- PASSIVE
CLASSIFICATION
A) BASED ON WAVELENGTHS
B) BASED ON ENERGY SOURCE
PAYLOADS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
RBV LSAT I
MSS LSAT 2,3,4,5
TM LSAT 4,5
HRV SPOT
LISS IRS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
NON-SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
 SATELLITE DATA PRODUCTS &
CHARACTERISTICS
TRANSMISSION OF SATELLITE DATA
GLOBAL LOCATION OF GROUND RECEIVING
STATIONS

SATELLITE DATA PRODUCTS

VISIBLE
DIGITAL
 FORMATION OF A CCT
STORAGE OF DIGITAL DATA
- BSQ ( BAND SEQUENTIAL )
- BIL ( BAND INTERLEAVED BY LINES )
- BIP ( BIP )
1. HEADER FILE (DATE, SENSOR, ALTITUDE, ATTITUDE)
2. ANNOTATION FILE ( RADIOMETRIC CORRECTION,
GEOMETRIC CORRECTION )
3. DATA FILE ACTUAL DATA ( 2340 SL, 3240 PIXELS)
4. DATA DENSITY 800/1600/6250 BPI
 WORLD REFERENCE SYSTEM
ORBIT NO = PATH
IMAGE CENTRE - ROW
 ASPECTS OF IMAGE INTERPRETATION
DETECTION
RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION
ANALYSIS
CLASSIFICATION
DEDUCTION
IDEALISATION
 ELEMENTS OF VISUAL
INTERPRETATION
COLOUR/TONE
SIZE- SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
SHAPE PHYSICAL FORM REGULAR/IRREGULAR
TEXTURE REPETITION OF THE BASIC PATTERN
PATTERN SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF SURFACE FEATURES
LINEAR/NONLINEAR
LOCATION JHUM IN FOREST BLANKS, SNOW IN MOUNTAIN PEAKS
ASSOCIATION CANALS WITH AGRI FIELDS, GULLIES IN ERODED
LANDS
SHADOWS RELATED TO THE SUNELEVATION ANGLE REVEALS
THE RELIEF OF AN AREA ( TOPOGRAPHY )
ASPECT DIRECTION IN WHICH A MOUNTAIN / HILL SLOPE FACES.