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Unit 7 Transducer

Transducers convert one form of energy into another. Resistive transducers measure non-electrical quantities by changing resistance, like strain gauges and thermistors. Potentiometers are resistive transducers that measure linear or angular displacement by changing resistance through a sliding contact. Resistance pressure transducers also work by changing resistance in response to applied pressure. Resistive position transducers use a sliding contact on a resistive element to produce an output voltage corresponding to the contact position.

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Sachin K Gowda
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148 views

Unit 7 Transducer

Transducers convert one form of energy into another. Resistive transducers measure non-electrical quantities by changing resistance, like strain gauges and thermistors. Potentiometers are resistive transducers that measure linear or angular displacement by changing resistance through a sliding contact. Resistance pressure transducers also work by changing resistance in response to applied pressure. Resistive position transducers use a sliding contact on a resistive element to produce an output voltage corresponding to the contact position.

Uploaded by

Sachin K Gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 7 Transducer

Introduction:
Transducer is defined as a device receives energy from one system and
transmits it to another different form
It is capable of being actuated by an energizing input from one or more
transmission media and inturn generating a related signal to one or more
transmission systems
It provides a usable output in response to specified input measurand
The measurand may be physical or mechanical quantity or conditions
The energy transmitted by these systems are electrical , mechanical or
accoustical
Electrical transducer is a sensing device by which physical, mechanical or
optical quantity to be measured is transferred by suitable mechanism
Parameters of electrical Transducer:

Linearity : Relationship between physical parameters & resulting


electrical signal must be linear
Sensitivity: Electrical output per unit change in the physical
parameter
is called sensitivity (V/0 C for temperature sensor)
Dynamic range: Operating range of transducer must be wide.
Repeatability: Input and output relationship for transducer should
be predictable over long period of time
Physical Size: Minimal weight and less volume & should not
disturb the existing conditions
Advantages of electrical Transducer:
Electrical amplifications and attenuation can be easily
done
Mass- Inertia effects are minimized
Effects of friction are minimized
The signal can be conditioned & electrical and
electronic system controlled with small power level
The processing and transmission of electrical signal
for the measurement purpose is easy
Electrical Transducer can classified into two categories:

Active and Passive Transducers


Active Transducer generates an electrical signal directly inresponse to the
physical parameter and does not requires an external power source
Active Transducers are self generating devices, which operate under
energy conversion principle
Example: Piezoelectric sensors and Photovoltaic cells
Passive Transducer operates under energy controlling principles
External power source is used , output depends upon change in an
electrical parameter(R,L & C)
Example: Strain gauges and thermistors.
Electrical transducers are used to measure the non electrical quantity
A detector or sensing element converts the physical quantity into a
displacement
A secondary transducer actuated by displacement generates the electrical
signal output such as current, voltage or frequency
A electrical transducer consists of sensing element and transduction
element
The sensing element responds to change in physical phenomenon
The transduction element transforms the output of sensing element into
an electrical output
The following are some transducers employs
different electrical phenomenon
1.Resistive 6.Photo emissive
2.Inductive 7. Photo resistive
3. Capacitive 8.Potentiometric
4. Electro magnetic 9. Thermoelectric
5.Piezoelectric 10. Frequency generating
Selecting A Transducer
Operating range:
Sensitivity:
Frequency response and resonant frequency:
Environmental capability:
Minimum sensitivity:
Accuracy:
Usage and ruggedness:
Electrical parameters:
RESISTIVE TRANSDUCER:

Resistive transducers are those in which the resistance changes due to a change
in some physical phenomenon
In this type of transducer resistance changes due to change in length of the
conductor can be used to measure the displacement
The resistivity of materials changes as change in temperature
Strain gauges work as resistance of conductor or semiconductor changes when
its strained
Potentiometer:
A resistive potentiometer consists of a resistive element provided with a
sliding contact, called wiper
The motion of sliding contact is translatory or rotational type
With resistive elements in form of helix known as helipots is
as shown in figure

Helipot
Potentiometer is passive transducer which is used for ,measurement of
translatory motion and linear device ,requires external power source

Translatory type

Rotational resistive devices are circular and used for measurement of angular
displacement

Rotationaltype
Contd..
Advantages :
Inexpensive
Simple to operate
Measurement of large amplitudes of displacements
Electrical efficiency is high
Disadvantages:
A large force is required to move sliding contacts
Sliding contacts can wear out , become misaligned and generate noise
Resistance pressure transducer:

It works with principle that change in pressure causes change in resistance in


sensing element
They are two types : Electromechanical resistance transducer and strain gauge
In electromechanical transducer ,change of pressure,stress, dispalcement or
other mechanical variation is applied to a variable resistor
In strain gauge the stress acts directly on the resistance
The sensitive resistance element on which pressure acts are bellow type and
diaphragm type
In each case the element moved by the pressure change is made
to change in resistance of the element
The resistance change can be made as part of bridge circuit and ac or dc
output signal is taken to determine the pressure indication
Contd..
RESISTIVE POSITION TRANSDUCER:
The principle of this transducer is physical variable under measurement causes
a resistance change in the sensing element
It uses a resistive element with a sliding contact or wiper linked to object can be
monitored or measured
The resistance between slider and one end of the resistance element depends
on the position of the object
The following figure shows the construction of the transducer
Contd..
The following figure shows the typical method of use
The output voltage depends on wiper
position i.e function of shaft position
This voltage is applied to a voltmeter
calibrated cms for visual display
The deviation from linearity of
resistance versus distance specifications
as low as 0.1 -1.0%
If circuit is unloaded then output voltage Vo is a certain function of Vt
depending on the position of wiper

Above equation shows output voltage V0 and Vt is applied voltage


proportional to R2 i.e., position of wiper of potentiometer
If resistance of transducer is distributed uniformly along length of the
travelling of wiper , resistance is perfectly linear

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