DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1

Chapter 1 Database systems

Johaira U. Lidasan, MCS

 Data vs Information

Data are raw facts

Information is the result of processing raw data to
reveal its meaning
 Database and the DBMS
Database is a shared, integrated computer structure
that stores a collection of end-user data and
metadata
Data management is a discipline that focuses on
the proper generation, storage and retrieval of
data.
DBMS is a collection of programs that manages the
database structure and controls access to the data
stored in the database
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
Improved data sharing end users have better access to
more data and better-managed data
Improved data security a DBMS provides a framework for
better enforcement of data privacy and security policies
Better data integration wider access to well-managed data
promotes an integrated view of the organizations operations
Minimized data inconsistency data inconsistency exists when
different versions of the same data appear in different places
Improved data access a query is a specific request issued to
the DBMS for data manipulation
Improved decision making better-managed data and
improved data access make it possible to generate better
quality information on which better decisions are based
Increased end-user productivity
 Types of Databases
Single-user database
o Desktop database database that runs on a PC

Multi-user database
o Workgroup database supports relatively small number of users (fewer
than 50)
o Enterprise database supports many users (more than 50)

Centralized database
Distributed database
Operational database
Data warehouse database
 Why Database Design is important?
Database design refers to the activities that focus on
the design of the database structure that will be
used to store and manage end-user data

A well-designed database facilitates data

management and generates accurate and
valuable information.
A poorly designed database is likely to become a
breeding ground for difficult-to-trace errors that
may lead to bad decision making that can lead to
the failure of an organization
 Files and Files Systems
Data raw facts
Field a character or group of characters that has a
specific meaning. A field is used to define and store
data
Record a logically connected set of one or more
fields that describes a person, place or thing.
File a collection of related records
 Limitations of File Systems
It requires extensive programming
It cannot perform ad hoc queries
System administration can be complex and difficult
It is difficult to make changes to existing structures
Security features are likely to be inadequate
 Data Redundancy
Data redundancy exists when the same data are stored
unnecessarily at different places
Data inconsistency exists when different and
conflicting versions of the same data appear in different
places. It lacks of data integrity
o Data Integrity defined as the condition in which all of the data in the
database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions
Data anomalies a field value change should be made
in only a single place. It develops when all the required
changes in the redundant data are not made
successfully
o Update anomalies
o Insertion anomalies
o Deletion anomalies
 Database Systems
Database system refers to an organization of
components that define and regulate the
collection, storage, management and use of data
within a database environment.
 Components of Database system
Hardware refers to all of the systems physical
devices
Software
o Operating system software manages all hardware components and
makes it possible for all other software to run on the computers
o DBMS software manages the database within the database system
o Application programs and utility software are used to access and
manipulate data in the DBMS
 Components of Database system
People this includes all users of the database
system
o System administrators oversee the database systems general operations
o Database administrators also known as DBAs, manage the DBMS and
ensure that the database is functioning properly
o Database designers design the database structure
o Systems analysts and programmers design and implement the
application programs
o End users are the people who use the application programs to run the
organizations daily operations
 Components of Database system
Procedures are the instructions and rules that
govern the design and use of the database system
Data covers the collection of facts stored in the
database
 DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management stores definitions of
the data elements and their relationships in a data
dictionary. It uses the data dictionary to look up the
required data component structures and
relationships.
 DBMS Functions
Data storage management creates and
manages the complex structures required for data
storage. It provides not only for the data but also for
related data entry forms or screen definitions, report
definitions, data validation rules, procedural code,
structures to handle video and picture formats and
so on. It is important for database performance
tuning to fulfill database requests concurrently.
o Performance tuning relates to activities that make the database
perform more efficiently in terms of storage and speed.
 DBMS Functions
Data transformation and presentation transforms
entered data to conform to required data structures
Security management creates a security system that
enforces user security and data privacy.
Multiuser access control to provide data integrity and
data consistency, the DBMS uses sophisticated
algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the
database concurrently without compromising the
integrity of the database
Backup and recovery management provides backup
and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity
 DBMS Functions
Data integrity management promotes and
enforces integrity rules, thus minimizing data
redundancy and maximizing data consistency
Database access languages and application
programming interfaces provides data access
through a query language
o Query language is a nonprocedural language one that lets user
specify what must be done without having to specify how it is to be done
o Structured Query Language is the de facto query language and data
access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
Database communication interfaces accepts
end-user requests via multiple, different network
requirements
 DBMS Disadvantages
Increased costs database systems require
sophisticated hardware and software and highly skilled
personnel
Management complexity database systems interface
with many different technologies and have a significant
impact on a companys resources and culture
Maintaining currency to maximize the efficiency of the
database system, you must keep your system current
Vendor dependence given the heavy investment in
technology and personnel training, companies might be
reluctant to change database vendors
Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles DBMS vendors
frequently upgrade their products by adding new
functionality