UNIX Commands

COMP 444/5201
Revision 1.4
January 25, 2005

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 Contents
Shell Intro
Command Format
Shell I/O
Command I/O
Command Overview

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 Shell Intro
A system program that allows a user to execute:
shell functions (internal commands)
other programs (external commands)
shell scripts
Linux/UNIX has a bunch of them, the most common are
tcsh, an expanded version of csh (Bill Joy, Berkley, Sun)
bash, one of the most popular and rich in functionality shells, an
expansion of sh (AT&T Bell Labs)
ksh, Korn Shell
zhs
...
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 Command Format
Format: command name and 0 or more
arguments:
% commandname [arg1] ... [argN]
By % sign I mean prompt here and hereafter.
Arguments can be
options (switches to the command to indicate a
mode of operation) ; usually prefixed with a
hyphen (-) or two (--) in GNU style
non-options, or operands, basically the data to work
with (actual data, or a file name)
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 Shell I/O
Shell is a power-user interface, so the user interacts with
the shell by typing in the commands.
The shell interprets the commands, that may produce some
results, they go back to the user and the control is given
back to the user when a command completes (in general).
In the case of external commands, shell executes actual
programs that may call functions of the OS kernel.
These system commands are often wrapped around a so-
called system calls, to ask the kernel to perform an
operation (usually privileged) on your behalf.

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 Command I/O
Input to shell:
Command name and arguments typed by the user
Input to a command:
Keyboard, file, or other commands
Standard input: keyboard.
Standard output: screen.
These STDIN and STDOUT are often together referred to as a
terminal.
Both standard input and standard output can be redirected from/to a
file or other command.
File redirection:
< input
> output
>> output append
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 Commands

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 man
Manual Pages
The first command to remember
Contains info about almost everything :-)
other commands
system calls
c/library functions
other utils, applications, configuration files
To read about man itself type:
% man man
NOTE: unfortunately theres no
% man woman ...
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 which
Displays a path name of a command.
Searches a path environmental variable for the
command and displays the absolute path.
To find which tcsh and bash are actually in use,
type:
% which tcsh
% which bash
% man which for more details

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 chsh
Change Login Shell
Login shell is the shell that interprets commands after you
logged in by default.
You can change it with chsh (provided that your system
admin allowed you to do so).
To list all possible shells, depending on implementation:
% chsh -l
% cat /etc/shells
% chsh with no arguments will prompt you for the shell.

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 whereis
Display all locations of a command (or
some other binary, man page, or a source
file).
Searchers all directories to find commands
that match whereis argument
% whereis tcsh

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 General Commands

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 passwd
Change your login password.
A very good idea after you got a new one.
Its usually a paranoid program asking your password to
have at least 6 chars in the password, at least two
alphabetical and one numerical characters. Some other
restrictions (e.g. dictionary words or previous password
similarity) may apply.
Depending on a privilege, one can change users and group
passwords as well as real name, login shell, etc.
% man passwd
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 date
Guess what :-)
Displays dates in various formats
% date
% date -u
in GMT
% man date

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 cal
Calendar % cal current month
% cal 2 2000 Feb 2000, leap year
for month
% cal 2 2100 not a leap year
entire year % cal 2 2400 leap year
Years range: 1 - 9999 % cal 9 1752 11 days skipped
% cal 0 error
No year 0
% cal 2002 whole year
Calendar was
corrected in 1752 -
removed 11 days

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 clear
Clears the screen
Theres an alias for it: Ctrl+L
Example sequence:
% cal
% clear
% cal
Ctrl+L

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 sleep
Sleeping is doing nothing for some time.
Usually used for delays in shell scripts.
% sleep 2 2 seconds pause

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 Command Grouping
Semicolon: ;
Often grouping acts as if it were a single
command, so an output of different
commands can be redirected to a file:
% (date; cal; date) > out.txt

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 alias
Defined a new name for a command
% alias
with no arguments lists currently active aliases
% alias newcommand oldcommand
defines a newcommand
% alias cl cal 2003
% cl
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 unalias
Removes alias
Requires an argument.
% unalias cl

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 history
Display a history of % !n
recently used commands repeat command n in the
% history history
all commands in the history % !-1
% history 10 repeat last command = !!

last 10 % !-2
% history -r 10 repeat second last command
reverse order % !ca
% !! repeat last command that
begins with ca
repeat last command

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 apropos
Search man pages for % apropos date
a substring. % man -k date
% apropos word % apropos password
Equivalent:
% man -k word

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 exit / logout
Exit from your login session.
% exit
% logout

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 shutdown
Causes system to shutdown or reboot
cleanly.
May require superuser privileges
% shutdown -h now - stop
% shutdown -r now - reboot

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 Files

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 ls
List directory contents % ls -F
Has whole bunch of append / to dirs and *
options, see man ls for to executables
details. % ls -l
% ls long format
all files except those % ls -al
starting with a . % ls -lt
% ls -a sort by modification time
all (latest - earliest)
% ls -A % ls -ltr
all without . and .. reverse
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 cat
Display and concatenate files.
% cat
Will read from STDIN and print to STDOT every line you enter.
% cat file1 [file2] ...
Will concatenate all files in one and print them to STDOUT
% cat > filename
Will take whatever you type from STDIN and will put it into the
file filename
To exit cat or cat > filename type Ctrl+D to
indicate EOF (End of File).

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 more / less
Pagers to display contents of large files
page by page or scroll line by line up and
down.
Have a lot of viewing options and search
capability.
Interactive. To exit: q

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 less
less ("less is more") a bit more smart than the more command
to display contents of a file:
% less filename
To display line numbers:
% less -N filename
To display a prompt:
% less -P"Press 'q' to quit" filename
Combine the two:
% less -NP"Blah-blah-blah" filename
For more information:
% man less

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 touch
By touching a file you either create it if it
did not exists (with 0 length).
Or you update its last modification and
access times.
There are options to override the default
behavior.
% touch file
% man touch
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 cp
Copies files / directories.
% cp [options] <source> <destination>
% cp file1 file2
% cp file1 [file2] /directory
Useful option: -i to prevent overwriting existing files
and prompt the user to confirm.

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 mv
Moves or renames files/directories.
% mv <source> <destination>
The <source> gets removed
% mv file1 dir/
% mv file1 file2
rename
% mv file1 file2 dir/
% mv dir1 dir2
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 rm
Removes file(s) and/or directories.
% rm file1 [file2] ...
% rm -r dir1 [dir2] ...
% rm -r file1 dir1 dir2 file4 ...

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 script
Writes a log (a typescript) of whatever happened
in the terminal to a file.
% script [file]
% script
all log is saved into a file named typescript
% script file
all log is saved into a file named file
To exit logging, type:
% exit
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 find
Looks up a file in a directory tree.
% find . -name name
% find . \(-name w* -or -name W* \)

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 mkdir
Creates a directory.
% mkdir newdir
Often people make an alias of md for it.

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 cd
Changes your current directory to a new
one.
% cd /some/other/dir
Absolute path
% cd subdir
Assuming subdir is in the current directory.
% cd
Returns you to your home directory.
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 pwd
Displays personal working directory, i.e.
your current directory.
% pwd

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 rmdir
Removes a directory.
% rmdir dirname
Equivalent:
% rm -r dirname

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 ln
Symbolic link or a shortcut in M$
terminology.
% ln s <real-name> <fake-name>

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 chmod
Changes file permissions
Possible invocations
% chmod 600 filename
-rw------- 1 user group 2785 Feb 8 14:18 filename
(a bit not intuitive where 600 comes from)
% chmod u+rw filename
(the same thing, more readable)
For the assignment:
% chmod u+x myshellscript
(mysshellscript is now executable)
-rwx------ 1 user group 2785 Feb 8 14:18 myshellscript
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 grep
Searches its input for a pattern.
The pattern can be a simple substring or a complex regular
expression.
If a line matches, its directed to STDOUT; otherwise, its
discarded.
% echo blah-foo | grep blah
Will print the matching line
% echo blah-foo | grep zee
Will not.
See a separate grep tutorial.
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 Pipes
What's a pipe?
is a method of interprocess communication (IPC)
in shells a '|' symbol used
it means that the output of one program (on one side of
a pipe) serves as an input for the program on another
end.
a set of "piped" commands is often called a pipeline
Why it's useful?
Because by combining simple OS utilities one can
easily solve more complex tasks

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 More on UNIX Commands
and Editors
http://www.cs.concordia.ca/help/

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