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Unit I

This document discusses overvoltages in electrical power systems caused by lightning and switching surges. It describes the mechanisms of lightning formation and discharge, including the processes of charge separation in thunderclouds, pilot streamers, and stepped leaders. Lightning currents typically have short rise times of 10 microseconds or less and tail times of several milliseconds. Switching surges occur when electric circuits are opened or closed, sending oscillating overvoltages up to 6 times the normal voltage through the system. The document outlines various techniques for minimizing overvoltages, such as proper line design, use of grounding systems, surge diverters, and controlled switching operations.

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76 views

Unit I

This document discusses overvoltages in electrical power systems caused by lightning and switching surges. It describes the mechanisms of lightning formation and discharge, including the processes of charge separation in thunderclouds, pilot streamers, and stepped leaders. Lightning currents typically have short rise times of 10 microseconds or less and tail times of several milliseconds. Switching surges occur when electric circuits are opened or closed, sending oscillating overvoltages up to 6 times the normal voltage through the system. The document outlines various techniques for minimizing overvoltages, such as proper line design, use of grounding systems, surge diverters, and controlled switching operations.

Uploaded by

Roopa Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 2353 HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING
UNIT - I

OVER VOLTAGES IN ELECTRICAL


POWER SYSTEMS
LIGHTING

Causes of over voltage


Lightning phenomenon
Charge formation of Lightning
Rate of Charging of thunder cloud
Mechanism of lightning strokes
Characteristics of Lightning strokes
3
LIGHTING

Factors contributing to good line


design
Protection afforded by ground wires.
Tower footing resistance
Interaction between lightning and
power system
Mathematical model of Lightning
4
Causes of Lightning
Lightning phenomenon
- peak discharge in which charge
accumulated in the cloud into
neighbouring cloud or to the ground

Electrode separation cloud to cloud


or cloud to ground is about 10 km or
more
5
CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

Positive and negative charges


become separated by heavy air
current with ice crystals in the upper
part and rain in the lower region.
Charge separation depends on
height of cloud (200 10,000m).
Charge centers at a distance about
300 2km

6
CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

Charge inside the cloud 1 to 100 C


Cloud potential 107 to 108 V
Gradient within a cloud 100 V/cm
Gradient at initial discharge point
10kV/cm
Energy at discharge 250 kWhr

7
CHARGE FORMATION OF CLOUD

8
MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING FLASH

Pilot streamer and Stepped leader

Ground streamer and return stroke

Subsequent strokes

9
PILOT STREAMER AND STEPPED
LEADER

10
GROUND STREAMER AND RETURN
STROKE

11
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHTNING
STROKES
Current-time characteristics
Time to peak or Rate of rise
Probability distribution of current and
time
Wave shapes of lightning voltage and
current

12
LIGHTNING CURRENT

Short front time - 10s


Tail time several ms.

13
RATE OF RISE
50% lightning stroke current
greater than 7.5kA/s.
10% lightning strokes current
exceeds 25 kA/s.
Stroke current above half value
more than 30s.

14
SURGE VOLTAGE

Maximum surge voltage in


transmission line 5MV
Most of the surge voltage is less than
1000 kV on line.
Front time 2 to 10 s
Tail time 20 to 100 s
Rate of rise of voltage 1MV/ s

15
LIGHTNING STROKES

Direct stroke
directly discharges on to
transmission line or line wires
Induced stroke
cloud generates negative charge at
its base, the earth object develop
induced positive charge

16
OVER VOLTAGE DUE TO SWITCHING
SURGES

INTRODUCTION
In switching, the over voltage thus

generated last for longer durations and


therefore are severe and more dangerous
to the system
The switching over voltages depends on
the normal voltage of the system and
hence increase with increased system
voltage
17
ORIGIN OF SWITCHING
SURGES
Making and breaking of electric
circuits with switchgear may results
in abnormal over voltages in power
systems having large inductances
and capacitances.
over voltages may go as high as 6
times the normal power frequency
voltage.

18
ORIGIN OF SWITCHING
SURGES
In circuit breaking operation switching
surges with a high rate of rise of voltage
may cause repeated restriking of the arc
between the contacts of a circuit breaker,
thereby causing destruction of the circuit
breaker contacts.
Switching surges may include high natural
frequencies of the system, a damped
normal frequency voltage component, or
restriking and recovery voltage of the
system with successive reflected waves
from terminations.

19
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SWITCHING SURGES
De-energizing of transmission lines, cables,
shunt capacitor, banks, etc.
Disconnection of unloaded transformers,
reactors, etc.
Energization or reclosing of lines and
reactive loads.
Sudden switching off of loads.
Short circuit and fault clearances.
Resonance phenomenon like ferro-
resonance, arcing grounds, etc.
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CONTROL OF OVERVOLTAGES
DUE TO SWITCHING
Energization of transmission lines in one or
more steps by inserting resistances and
withdrawing them afterwards.
Phase controlled closing of circuit
breakers.
Drainage of trapped charges before
reclosing
Use of shunt reactors.
Limiting switching surges by suitable surge
diverters.

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PROTECTION AGAINST
OVERVOLTAGS
Minimizing the lightning overvoltages
are done by suitable line designs,
Providing guard and ground wires,
Using surge diverters.

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PROTECTION AGAINST
OVERVOLTAGS
Shielding the overhead lines by using
ground wires above the phase wires,
Using ground rods and counter-poise
wires,
Including protective devices like
explosion gaps, protector tubes on
the lines, and surge diverters at the
line terminations and sudstations

23

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