MATHEMATICS FOR

BUSINESS
Handouts for University Preparatory
Students
By
SURESH KUMAR, S.T.,M.SI

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

Chapter Objectives
• To be familiar with sets, real numbers, real-number line.
• To relate properties of real numbers in terms of their
operations.
• To review the procedure of rationalizing the denominator.
• To perform operations of algebraic expressions.
• To state basic rules for factoring.
• To rationalize the denominator of a fraction.
• To solve linear equations.
• To solve quadratic equations.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

Chapter Outline
0.1) Sets of Real Numbers
0.2) Some Properties of Real Numbers
0.3) Exponents and Radicals
0.4) Operations with Algebraic Expressions
0.5) Factoring
0.6) Fractions
0.7) Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
0.8) Quadratic Equations

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.1 Sets of Real Numbers

• A set is a collection of objects.

• An object in a set is called an element of that
set.
• Different type of integers:
Set of positive integers  1, 2, 3, ...
Set of negative integers  ...,  3,  2,  1
• The real-number line is shown as

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The set of rational numbers consists of
numbers that can be written as a
quotient of two integers.
19  2  6
Exe. 20 , 7 ,  2 ,0.5, 60%
Numbers represented by nonterminating
nonrepeating decimals are called
irrational numbers. Exe. π (pi) and 2 .
Together rational and irrational numbers
form the set of real numbers

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

• Important properties of real numbers

1. The Transitive Property of Equality
If a  b and b  c, then a  c.

2. The Closure Properties of Addition and

Multiplication
For all real numbers, there are unique real numbers
a  b and ab.
3. The Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
a  b  b  a and ab  ba
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

4. The Commutative Properties of Addition

and Multiplication
a   b  c    a  b   c and a bc    ab  c

5. The Identity Properties

0  a  a and 1a  a

6. The Inverse Properties 1

a    a  0 aa  1

7. The Distributive Properties

a b  c   ab  ac and  b  c  a  ba  ca

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

Example 1 – Applying Properties of Real Numbers

Solution: a. x  y  3z  2w    y  3z  2w  x
b. 3 4  5    4  5  3
a. The commutative property of multiplication
b. The associative property of multiplication

Example 3 – Applying Properties of Real

Numbers
ab b
a. Show that  a  for c  0. By the associative property
c c 

ab 1  1 b
Solution:   ab    a b    a 
c c  c c
By the definition of division

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers
Example 3 – Applying Properties of Real Numbers

b. Show that a  b  a  b for c  0.

c c c
Solution: a  b   a  b  1  a  1  b  1
c c c c
1 1 a b
a b  
c c c c
ab a b
 
c c c
The definition of division and the distributive property.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.3 Exponents and Radicals

n exponent
base x
• Properties:

1. x n  x x  x x
n factors

n 1 1
2. x  n  for x  0
x x x  x x
n factors

1
3. n  x n
x
4. x 0  1

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Example 1 – Exponents
4
 1  1  1  1  1   1 
a.           
2  2  2  2  2   16 
1 1
b. 3  5 
-5

3 243
1
c. -5  35  243
3
d. 20  1, π 0  1, ( 5)0  1
e. x 1  x

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

n
• The symbol x is called a radical.
n is the index, x is the radicand, and is the
radical sign.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Example 3 – Rationalizing Denominators

Solution:
1 1
2 2 25 25 2 2
2 5
a.  1  1 1  1

5 5 2
5 5
2 2
5 5

b.
2

2
 1 5 
2 23 x  5
 1
6


26 3 5 x
6
3x 5 6 3  x 5 3 6 x 6
6 3x 3x

Example 5 – Exponents
a. Eliminate negative exponents in x 1  y 1 and
simplify.
Solution: 1 1 1 1 yx
x y   
x y xy
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 5 – Exponents

b. Simplify x 3 / 2  x 1/ 2 by using the distributive law.

Solution:
x 3 / 2  x 1/ 2  x 1/ 2  x  1

  7x  .
2 2
c. Eliminate negative exponents in 7 x

Solution:
7 1 7 1
  7x 
2 2
7x  2  2
x  7 x  x 49 x 2
2

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 5 – Exponents

d. Eliminate negative exponents in  x  y 1


1 2
.

Solution: 2 2
 1 1 y x
x 1
y 
1  2
      
x y  xy 
2
 xy  x 2y 2
   
y x  y  x2

e. Apply the distributive law to x 5 y 2  2 x 5 .

2
 1 6

Solution:
x
2
5
y 1
2
 2x
6
5
x 2
5
1
y  2x
2
8
5

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Example 7 – Radicals

a. Simplify 3
x6y 4 .

Solution:
3
x 6 y 4  3 ( x 2 )3  3 y 3  3 y  x 2 y 3 y

2
b. Simplify .
7
Solution:
2 27 14
 
7 77 7

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 7 – Radicals

c. Simplify 250  50  15 2.
Solution:
250  50  15 2  5 10  5 2  15 2
 5 10  10 2

d. If x is any real number, simplify x 2 .

Solution:
 x if x  0
x 
2

 x if x  0
Thus, 2  2
2
and   3  2
 3.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Simplify and express all answers in terms of

positive exponents
1.  23  22 
x3 x5
2. y9 y5

3. x  x 
2 3 3 2

x  3 4

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Evaluate the expressions.

8
1. 3
27
2
2.  64  3
 
 27 
4
3.  1  5
 
 32 

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Simplify the expressions

1. 2 8  5 27  128
3

2
 27t 3  3
2.  
 8 
3
 256  4
3.  12 
 x 

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Write the expressions in terms of

positive exponents only. Avoid all
radicals in the final form. For example,
1
1 x 2
y x 
y
5 3
ab
1. 2 2. 5 x 2 y 3 z 10
c
24 2 3
3. x xy z

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Rationalize the denominators

1
1. 3
3x
2
2.
33 y 2
5
2
3.
4 2
ab

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals

Problems 1 – Exponents

• Express all answers in terms of positive

exponents. Rationalize the denominator
where necessary to avoid fractional
exponents in the denominator.
243 1
1. 2. 2
3  2x  2
 
 16 x 3 
 

3. x yz
3 2 33
xy 2

4. 3x y  2 y z
3 2

2 3 4

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

• If symbols are combined by any or all of the

operations, the resulting expression is called
an algebraic expression.
• A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression
of the form:n n 1
c n x  c n 1x    c1x  c0

where n = non-negative integer

cn = constants

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

Example 1 – Algebraic Expressions

a. 3
3 x 3  5 x  2 is an algebraic expression in the
10  x
variable x.
5
b. 10  3 y  is an algebraic expression in the
7y 2

 xvariable
 y   xyy.
3
2
c. y is an algebraic expression in the

variables x and y.
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

Example 3 – Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

Simplify 3 x 2 y  2 x  1   4 x 2 y  6 x  3 .
Solution:
3 x y  2x  1   4 x y  6 x  3
2 2

 (3 x 2 y  2 x  1)  ( 4 x 2 y  6 x  3)
  3  4 x 2 y    2  6 x  1  3
 x 2y  8x  4

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

• A list of products may be obtained from the

distributive property:

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

Example 5 – Special Products

a. By Rule 2,
 x  2 x  5
 x 2   2  5  x  2  5 
 x 2  3 x  10
b. By Rule 3,
 3z  5 7z  4
 3  7z 2   3  4  5  7  z  5  4
 21z 2  47z  20

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 5 – Special Products

c. By Rule 5,  x  4  2
 x 2  2 4  x  4 2
 x 2  8 x  16

d. By Rule 6,  y2 1 3  y2 1 3 

  
y  1  32
2
2

 y2 8

e. By Rule 7,  3 x  2
3

  3 x   3 2 3 x   3 2  3 x    2
3 2 2 3

 27 x 3  54 x 2  36 x  8
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

Example 7 – Dividing a Multinomial by a Monomial

x 3  3x
a.  x2  3
x

4 z 3  8 z 2  3z  6 3 3
b.  2z  4z  
2

2z 2 z

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 1 – Algebraic Expressions

• Perform the indicated operations and

simplify
 
1. 6 x 2  10 xy  2   2 z  xy  4 
 
2. 5 x 2  y 2  x y  3 x   4 y  2 x  7 y 
3. 233 x  2   2 x
2 2
5 
4.  x  4  x  5
 
5. x 2  4 3 x 2  2 x  1 
6.  3 x 3

 2 x 2  x  3   x  2
6 x5  4 x3  1
7.
2x2
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.5 Factoring
• If two or more expressions are multiplied
together, the expressions are called the
factors of the product.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring

Example 1 – Common Factors

a. Factor 3 k 2 2
x  9 k 3
x completely.
Solution:
3 k 2 x 2  9k 3 x  3 k 2 x  x  3k 

b. Factor 8a x y  6a b yz  2a b xy z completely.
5 2 3 2 3 4 4 2 2

Solution:
8a 5 x 2 y 3  6a 2 b 3 yz  2a 4 b 4 xy 2 z 2

 2a 2 y 4a 3 x 2 y 2  3b 3 z  a 2b 4 xyz 2 

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring

Example 3 – Factoring
a. x 2  8 x  16   x  4 
4

b. 9 x 2  9 x  2   3 x  1 3 x  2
c. 6 y 3  3 y 2  18 y  3 y  2y  3  y  2
d. x 2  6 x  9   x  3 
2

e. z1/ 4  z 5 / 4  z1/ 4 1  z 
 
f. x 4  1  x 2  1  x  1 x  1

g. x 2 / 3  5 x 1/ 3  4  x 1/ 3  1 x 1/ 3  4  
h. ax 2  ay 2  bx 2  by 2   x  y  x  y  a  b 

i. 8  x 3   2  x  4  2 x  x 2 

j. x 6  y 6  x 3  y 3 x 3  y 3  
  
  x  y  x 2  xy  y 2  x  y  x 2  xy  y 2
2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.6 Fractions

Simplifying Fractions
• Allows us to multiply/divide the numerator and
denominator by the same nonzero quantity.
Multiplication and Division of Fractions
• The rule for multiplying and dividing is
 a  c  ac a c ad
     
 b  d  bd b d bc

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring

Problems – Factoring

• Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 8a 3bc  12ab 3cd  4b 4c 2 d 2

2. p 2  4 p  3
3. 5 x  25 x  30
2

4.  x  3  x  1   x  3  x  1
3 2 2

5. x 4 y  2 x 2 y  y

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Rationalizing the Denominator

• For a denominator with square roots, it may
be rationalized by multiplying an expression
that makes the denominator a difference of
two squares.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

• If we add two fractions having the same
denominator, we get a fraction whose
denominator is the common denominator.

2007 Pearson Education Asia

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Example 1 – Simplifying Fractions

x2  x  6
a. Simplify 2 .
x  7 x  12
Solution:
x2  x  6

 x  3  x  2 x  2

x  7 x  12  x  3  x  4  x  4
2

2x 2  6x  8
b. Simplify 8  4 x  4 x 2 .
Solution:
2 x 2  6 x  8 2 x  1 x  4  x4
 
8  4x  4x 2
41  x  2  x  2 x  2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Example 3 – Dividing Fractions

x x 3 x x 5 x  x  5
a.    
x  2 x  5 x  2 x  3  x  2 x  3 
x 5
x  3 x 5 1 x 5
b.   
2x x  3 2x 2x  x  3
4x
x 2
 1 4x x 1 2
c.  2  2 
2 x  8 x x  1 2 x  8 x  x  1 x  4 
2

x 1

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Example 5 – Adding and Subtracting Fractions

p2  5 3p  2 x 2  5x  4 x 2  2x
a.  b. 2  2
p2 p2 x  2x  3 x  5 x  6
 p 2

 5   3 p  2 
 x  1 x  4 

x  x  2
  x  1 x  3  x  2 x  3
p2
p2  3p  3 4
 
p2 x 3

x2  x  5 x2  2  4x  8
c.   2
x 7 x  7 x  9 x  14


  
x 2  x  5  x 2  2    4
x 7
x 7
 1
x 7
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Example 7 – Subtracting Fractions

x 2

x2

 x  2 2 x  3   x  2 x  3
x 2  6x  9 2 x 2  9  
2 x  3   x  3 
2

2 x 2  10 x  12  x 2  5 x  6

2 x  3   x  3 
2

x 2  15 x  6

2 x  3   x  3 
2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions

Problems – Fractions

• Perform the operations and simplify as much

as possible
 x 2  9 x  20   x3   ax  b c  x 
1. 2  2. 1  3  3.   
 x  x2   x 1   x  c ax  b 
 2x  2 x2 1   x2 5x  6 
4.  2  2  5.   
 x  2 x  8 x  5x  4   x3 x3 
1
 4 3
 3x 2  2x 2
6.  3 
2 
7. 8.
 x 1 5  4x  x  x 3 6
x
x2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Equations
• An equation is a statement that two
expressions are equal.
• The two expressions that make up an
equation are called its sides.
• They are separated by the equality sign, =.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 1 – Examples of Equations

a. x  2  3
b. x 2  3 x  2  0
y
c. 6
y 4
d. w  7  z

• A variable (e.g. x, y) is a symbol that can be

replaced by any one of a set of different
numbers.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Equivalent Equations
• Two equations are said to be equivalent if
they have exactly the same solutions.
• There are three operations that guarantee
equivalence:
1. Adding/subtracting the same polynomial
to/from both sides of an equation.
2. Multiplying/dividing both sides of an equation
by the same nonzero constant.
3. Replacing either side of an equation by an equal
expression.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Operations That May Not Produce Equivalent

Equations
4. Multiplying both sides of an equation by an
expression involving the variable.
5. Dividing both sides of an equation by an
expression involving the variable.
6. Raising both sides of an equation to equal
powers.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Linear Equations
• A linear equation in the variable x can be
written in the form
ax  b  0
where a and b are constants and a . 0
• A linear equation is also called a first-degree
equation or an equation of degree one.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 3 – Solving a Linear Equation

Solve 5 x  6  3 x.
Solution:
5x  6  3x
5x  6    3x   3x    3x 
2x  6  0
2x  6  6  0  6
2x  6
2x 6

2 2
x 3

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 5 – Solving a Linear Equations

7x  3 9x  8
Solve   6.
2 4
Solution:
 7x  3 9x  8 
4    4 6 
 2 4 
2 7 x  3    9 x  8   24
5 x  14  24
5 x  10
x2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Literal Equations
• Equations where constants are not
specified, but are represented as a, b, c, d,
etc. are called literal equations.
• The letters are called literal constants.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 7 – Solving a Literal Equation

Solve  a  c  x  x   x  a  for x.
2 2

Solution:
a  c x  x 2
  x  a
2

ax  cx  x 2  x 2  2ax  a 2
x c  a  a2
a2
x
c a

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Fractional Equations
• A fractional equation is an equation in which
an unknown is in a denominator.

Example 9 – Solving a Fractional Equation

5 6
Solve x  4  x  3 .
Solution:
 x  4 x  3 5 
 
  x 4 x 3    6 

 x 4  x 3
5 x  3   6 x  4 
9x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Example 11 – Literal Equation

u
If s express u in terms of the remaining
,
au  v
letters; that is, solve for u.
Solution:
u
s
au  v
s  au  v   u
sau  sv  u
u  sa  1  sv
sv
u
1  sa

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Radical Equations
• A radical equation is one in which an unknown
occurs in a radicand.

Example 13 – Solving a Radical Equation

Solve y  3  y  3.
Solution:
y  3  y  3
y 3  y 6 y 9
6 y  12
y 2
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y 4
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Problems – Equation

• Solve the equations

1 2
1. 5 x  3  9 5. 
p 1 p  2
2. 5 p  7   2 3 p  4  3 p 6. z 2  2 z  3  z
4x x
3. 7   7. y  y  2  3
9 2
7 1 2
4. 0 8.  0
3 x w 5w  2

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

0.8 Quadratic Equations

• A quadratic equation in the variable x is an

equation that can be written in the form
ax 2  bx  c  0

where a, b, and c are constants and a  0.

• A quadratic equation is also called a second-
degree equation or an equation of degree
two.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Example 1 – Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring

a. Solve x 2  x  12  0.
Solution:
Factor the left side factor:  x  3  x  4   0
Whenever the product of two or more quantities
is zero, at least one of the quantities must be
zero.
 x  3  0 or  x  4  0
x 3 x  4

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 1 – Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring

b. Solve 6w 2
 5w .

Solution: 6w 2  5w
w  6w  5   0
5
w 0 or w
6

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Example 3 – Solving a Higher-Degree Equation by

Factoring
a. Solve 4 x  4 x 3
 0.

Solution: 4 x  4 x 3
0
4x 1 x 2  0  
4 x 1  x 1  x   0
x 0 or x  1 or x  1

b. Solve x  x  2  x  5   x  x  2  0.
2 3

Solution: x  x  2  x  5  x  x  2  0
2 3

x  x  2   x  5    x  2   0
2

x  x  2  2 x  7   0
2

2007 Pearson Education Asia x  0 or x  2 or x  2 / 7

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Example 5 – Solution by Factoring

Solve x 2  3.
Solution: x 2  3
x2  3  0
 x  3  x  3   0
x  3 or x   3
Thus, x   3

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Formula
• The roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2  bx  c  0
can be given as
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Example 7 – A Quadratic Equation with One Real Root

Solve 2  6 2y  9 y  0 by the quadratic formula.

2

Solution:
Here a = 9, b = 6√2, and c = 2. The roots are
6 2  0
y
2 9 
6 2 0 2 6 2 0 2
y  or y  
18 3 18 3

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic-Form Equation
• When a non-quadratic equation can be
transformed into a quadratic equation by an
appropriate substitution, the given equation
is said to have quadratic-form.

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Example 9 – Solving a Quadratic-Form Equation

1 9
Solve 6  3  8  0.
x x

Solution:
2
 1  1
This equation can be written as  3   9 3   8  0
x  x 
Substituting w =1/x3, we have
w 2  9w  8  0
 w  8 w  1  0
w  8 or w  1
Thus, the roots are
1 1
3
 8 or 3
 1
x x
1
x or x  1
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations

Problems – Quadratic Equation

• Solve2 by factoring 2
1. t  8t  15  0 2. u  13u  36 3. x 2  4  0 4. t 3  49t  0

• Find all roots by using the quadratic

1. x 2  2 x  24  0 2. 4 x 2  12 x  9  0 3. 4  2n  n 2

• Solve the given quadratic-form equation.

1. x 4  9 x 2  20  0
1 12
2.   35  0
 x  2 x  2
2

2007 Pearson Education Asia