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Correlation: Prepared By: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid

1) Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between two variables. Values range from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation and 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation. 2) There are different types of correlation coefficients that can be used depending on the level of measurement of the variables, including Pearson's r for interval/ratio variables, Spearman's rho for ordinal variables, and point-biserial r for a discrete dichotomous variable paired with a continuous variable. 3) The significance of a correlation can be determined by comparing the correlation coefficient value to the critical value based on the sample size and selected significance level, usually using a p-value. Significant correlations indicate

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62 views

Correlation: Prepared By: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid

1) Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between two variables. Values range from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation and 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation. 2) There are different types of correlation coefficients that can be used depending on the level of measurement of the variables, including Pearson's r for interval/ratio variables, Spearman's rho for ordinal variables, and point-biserial r for a discrete dichotomous variable paired with a continuous variable. 3) The significance of a correlation can be determined by comparing the correlation coefficient value to the critical value based on the sample size and selected significance level, usually using a p-value. Significant correlations indicate

Uploaded by

Bella Yaakub
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CORRELATION

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


DEFINITION
To measure of the relationship/ association/
correlation between two variables.
Ex:
Smoking is strongly related to the Incidence of
cancer
Students achievement is correlated with their
attitudes
The price of chicken varies with the season
Higher salaries will enable the workforce to be more
productive
State relationship

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Correlation coefficient
Symbol, r
It ranges from -1 to +1
positive

Correlation
coefficient
R=0

No correlation negative
prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid
Correlational measures
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (PPM)
Spearmans Rho Correlation Coefficient
Point Bi-Serial Correlation

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Pearson product moment correlation
coefficient
Measure linear relationship between two
interval or ratio level variables .
Let say you have two variables which are
X(independent) and Y(dependent).
ex= protest / posttest
X Y
independent
dependent

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


correlation coefficient
We can interpret the association based on the
graphs by observing how closely the data
resemble a line.
Besides that, you may interpret based on the
correlation coefficient, r from SPSS table

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Correlation coefficient

Positive denote positive


linear
values correlation

Negative Denote
negative
values correlation

No
0 correlation

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


CONT..
Range: -1 to +1
-1: perfect negative correlation
+1: perfect positive correlation
The closer the value is to 1 or 1, the stronger
the linear correlation.
near to 1/-1 stronger relantionship

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Correlation Coefficient Rule of Thumb
Size of Coefficient General Interpretation
0.0 to 0.19 Very Weak or No relationship
0.2 to 0.39 Weak relationship
0.4 to 0.59 Moderate relationship
0.6 to 0.79 Strong relationship
0.8 to 1.0 Very Strong Relationship

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Scatter-plots Perfect
relationship

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Intermediate Positive values

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Intermediate negative values

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Example
Variable A (income of family) (1000s of RM)
Variable B (no. of Cars owned)

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Example
Variable A (income of family) (1000s of Bkt
Benut Residence in RM)
Variable B (no. of children)

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


example
Variable A (income of family)
Variable B (last number of postal code)

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid
Coefficient determination
The squared correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) also
known as coefficient determination
r: evaluate the strength of a relationship
between two variables.
r 2 : how important one variable to the other
variable in terms of the variance explained.
r= correlation coefficient
r= coefficient determination

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Research objectives
To determine the relationship between
personality and color preference.
To determine the association between
proportions of defectives and machine used.

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Test of significance for
relationship/association
Test =
Hypotheses correlation, chi
square and
regression

There is no significant
relationship/association between X and Y

There is significant relationship/association


between X and Y.

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Example (Correlation/ association/
relationship)
Cont Based on your
confidence
Depend on the p-value interval

Let say u choose Confidence


Interval 95%. value 0.05
Hence your alpha value or value 0.05
p-value < Reject null ( there are
significant relationship
between X and Y) hypothesis
value 0.05

p-value > Fail to reject null hypothesis (


value 0.05
there is no significant r/ship
between x n y).
example
Scores in speaking skills (X) and writing skills (Y)
X Y
20 10
30 30
40 20
60 40
60 60
70 70
80 60
80 70
70 60
90 80

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Value of r

p-value

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


interpretation

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Value of r

p-value

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


2
r or r indicates a relationship between
variables and has nothing to do with
causality.

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Spearmans rho correlation coefficient
To measure the correlation between two
variables whose values have been ranked
(ordinal).
For each case that is observed, the rank of the
case for each of the variables X and Y is
determined by ordering the values from low
to high, or from high to low.

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


example
Five students score were obtained in a
examination based on two different tests.

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


example
Scores in speaking skills (X) and writing skills (Y)

X Y
20 10
30 30
40 20
60 40
60 60
70 70
80 60
80 70
70 60
90 80

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Value of r

p-value

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Example of interpretation

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Point bi-serial correlation
rpbi: derived from any of the formula r with
the assumption that one of the variables (Y) is
a discrete dichotomy ( 2 respond ex: yes no,
gender : male and female) and X is
continuous and measured on an interval or
ratio scale.
We can use Pearson Correlation

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


example
Dichotomy (2
possible response)

numeric

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Example

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


INTERPRETATION

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid


Summary of correlations coefficient
between variables with different levels
of measurement

prepared by: Nor Syazwani Mohd Rasid

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