Chapter 1

WAN INTRODUCTION

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 What is WAN ?

 A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond

the geographic scope of a LAN.
 WANs are different from LANs in several ways. While a LAN
connects computers, peripherals, and other devices in a single
building or other small geographic area, a WAN allows the
transmission of data across greater geographic distances.
 In addition, an enterprise must subscribe to a WAN service
provider to use WAN carrier network services. LANs are
typically owned by the company or organization that uses them.

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

 Here are the three major characteristics of WANs:

–WANs generally connect devices that are separated by a
broader geographical area than can be served by a LAN.
–WANs use the services of carriers, such as telephone
companies, cable companies, satellite systems, and network
providers.
–WANs use serial connections of various types to provide
access to bandwidth over large geographic areas.

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 Why Are WANs Necessary?

 LAN technologies provide both speed and cost-

efficiency for the transmission of data in organizations
over relatively small geographic areas. However, there
are other business needs that require communication
among remote sites, including the following:
–People in the regional or branch offices of an organization need
to be able to communicate and share data with the central site.
–Organizations often want to share information with other
organizations across large distances. For example, software
manufacturers routinely communicate product and promotion
information to distributors that sell their products to end users.
–Employees who travel on company business frequently need to
access information that resides on their corporate networks.

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

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 What is WAN ?

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 WAN Physical Layer Terminology

One primary difference between a WAN and a LAN is

that a company or organization must subscribe to an
outside WAN service provider to use WAN carrier
network services. A WAN uses data links provided by
carrier services to access the Internet and connect the
locations of an organization to each other, to locations
of other organizations, to external services, and to
remote users. The WAN access physical layer
describes the physical connection between the
company network and the service provider network.

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 WAN Physical Layer Terminology

 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE):

–The devices and inside wiring located at the premises of the
subscriber and connected with a telecommunication channel of a
carrier. The subscriber either owns the CPE or leases the CPE from
the service provider. A subscriber, in this context, is a company that
arranges for WAN services from a service provider or carrier.

 Data Communications Equipment (DCE):

–Also called data circuit-terminating equipment, the DCE consists of
devices that put data on the local loop. The DCE primarily provides
an interface to connect subscribers to a communication link on the
WAN cloud.

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 WAN Physical Layer Terminology

 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE):

–The customer devices that pass the data from a customer network or host
computer for transmission over the WAN. The DTE connects to the local loop
through the DCE.

 Demarcation Point:
–A point established in a building or complex to separate customer equipment
from service provider equipment. Physically, the demarcation point is the cabling
junction box, located on the customer premises, that connects the CPE wiring to
the local loop. It is usually placed for easy access by a technician. The
demarcation point is the place where the responsibility for the connection
changes from the user to the service provider. This is very important because
when problems arise, it is necessary to determine whether the user or the service
provider is responsible for troubleshooting or repair.

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 WAN Physical Layer Terminology

 Local Loop:
–The copper or fiber telephone cable that connects the CPE at
the subscriber site to the CO of the service provider. The local
loop is also sometimes called the "last-mile."

 Central Office (CO):

–A local service provider facility or building where local
telephone cables link to all-digital, fiber-optic communications
lines through a system of switches and other equipment.

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 WAN Physical Layer Terminology

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 Data link layer protocols

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 WAN Physical Layer Standards

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 Switched communication links
 Switched communication links can be either circuit
switched or packet switched.
–Circuit-switched communication links-Circuit switching
dynamically establishes a dedicated virtual connection for voice
or data between a sender and a receiver. Before
communication can start, it is necessary to establish the
connection through the network of the service provider.
Examples of circuit-switched communication links are analog
dialup (PSTN) and ISDN.

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 Circuit switching

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 Switched communication links

 Packet-switched communication links-Many WAN users do not

make efficient use of the fixed bandwidth that is available with
dedicated, switched, or permanent circuits because the data flow
fluctuates. Communications providers have data networks
available to more appropriately service these users. In packet-
switched networks, the data is transmitted in labeled frames, cells,
or packets. Packet-switched communication links include Frame
Relay, ATM, X.25, and Metro Ethernet.

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 Packet switching

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 Leased line

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 Leased line speed

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 Analog Dialup

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 ISDN

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 X.25

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 Frame Relay

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 ATM

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 DSL

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 Cable Modem

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 Broadband Wireless

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 Chapter activates

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 Chapter activity

 LAB 1-4-1

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