Prof. B. I.

Khodanpur
HOD – Dept. of CSE
R. V. College of Engineering.
EmailID:  [email protected]

Subject: Operating Systems (For EDUSAT)

Common Paper for BA / B.Com / B.Sc
Code: CS-54
Application Software
(contd…):
Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are
designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations
with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include:
 Budgets
 Payrolls
 Grade Calculations
 Address Lists

The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are

Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.
Application Software
(contd…):
Graphic Presentations: The presentation
programs can be easier using overhead
projectors. Other uses include: 
 Slide Shows
 Repeating Computer Presentations on a
computer monitor
 Using Sound and animation in slide shows 

The most recognized graphic presentation programs are

Microsoft PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.
Application Software
(contd…):
Database Management System (DBMS):
 A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to
store, access, and process data into useful information.
 Database programs are designed for these types of
applications:
 Membership lists
 Student lists
 Grade reports
 Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find what
you need quickly and accurately. 

 Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.

 Contents
 Today's Topic: Introduction to Operating Systems

 We will learn
1. What is Operating System?
2. What OS does?
3. Structure of OS
4. Evolution of OS
 Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Time
sharing systems
5. Operating System Functions
6. Main Funtions of OS
7. Types of OS
 Single User, Multi User systems
Operating Systems
What is OS?
 Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.

 It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application

programs and the machine hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

What OS does?

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

 controlling and allocating memory,

 prioritizing system requests,
 controlling input and output devices,
 facilitating networking and
 managing file systems.
Structure of Operating System:
Application Programs

System Programs

Software (Operating System)

HARDWARE

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):
 The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)

Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
Evolution of OS:

 The evolution of operating systems went through seven

major phases.

 Six of them significantly changed the ways in which

users accessed computers through the open shop, batch
processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal
computing, and distributed systems.

 In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent

programming were developed and demonstrated in
model operating systems.
(Contd…)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop
Open Shop (1954)

Tape batching, BKS system (1961)

Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry
(Contd…)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel 14 Boss 2 system
languages (1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)
Batch Processing:
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
 The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.
Batch Processing (Contd…):
 Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer
systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the
program, the data, & some control information).
OS

User
program
area
Multiprogramming:

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of

programs simultaneously by a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in
the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figuredipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases

•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.
Time Sharing Systems:

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of

multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
Operating Systems functions:

 The main functions of operating systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection
Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems

Single User Systems:

 Provides a platform for only one user at a

time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top

operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are
required.
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems:

 Provides regulated access for a number of users by

maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more

simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes and  are multi-user systems.

 Example: Unix