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Personality: Presented By: Mrs. Samrah Azam

This document provides an overview of several theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines five major types of personality theories: trait theories, psychoanalytic theories, social-cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and behavioral theories. For each theory, it provides details on influential theorists and their models of personality. The document focuses in depth on trait theories, psychoanalytic perspectives, social-cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and behavioral personality theory.

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Hami Yara
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64 views

Personality: Presented By: Mrs. Samrah Azam

This document provides an overview of several theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines five major types of personality theories: trait theories, psychoanalytic theories, social-cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and behavioral theories. For each theory, it provides details on influential theorists and their models of personality. The document focuses in depth on trait theories, psychoanalytic perspectives, social-cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and behavioral personality theory.

Uploaded by

Hami Yara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PERSONALITY

Presented By:
Mrs. Samrah Azam
Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized
set of characteristics possessed by a person that
uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations,
and behaviors in various situations. The word
"personality" originates from the Latin persona, which
means mask.
Theories of Personality

1. Trait Theories
2. Psychoanalytic Theory
3. Social-Cognitive Theories
4. Humanistic Theories
5. Behavioral Personality
Theory
Types of Personality Theories
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth
Social-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Part 1
Trait Theories
Jungs Theory of Two Types
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple,
believed that we are one of two personality types:

Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is


focused inward

Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed


outward
Eysencks Three Factor Theory
Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are
three fundamental factors in personality:
Introversion versus Extroversion
Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic)
Impulse Control versus Psychotic
Eysencks Theory, continued
The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four
basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:
Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy
Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hot-tempered, irritable
Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm
Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful
Cattell: Source & Surface Traits
Raymond Cattell: from Devon, England, believed that there
were two basic categories of traits:

Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas


of personality
Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a
personality
Cattell: The Big Five
Cattell believed that five factors were
most important:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeable
Neuroticism
The Big Five
Calm/Anxious
Emotional Stability
Secure/Insecure

Sociable/Retiring
Extraversion
Fun Loving/Sober

Imaginative/Practical
Openness
Independent/Conforming
Soft-Hearted/Ruthless
Agreeableness
Trusting/Suspicious
Organized/Disorganized
Conscientiousness
Careful/Careless
Psychoanalytic Perspective Of
Personality

SIGMUND FREUD
Role of Consciousness
Unconscious:
The unconscious is understood to be the large part of the mind, which is hidden from view.
Pre-conscious:
The pre-conscious is represented by the waterline - but it is the zone in which there are
fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of consciousness.
Conscious:
The relatively small part which sticks of the water is seen as equivalent to
the small amount of conscious awareness that the human experiences.
Model Of Personality
Elements Of Personality (Freuds View):
The Id

The Ego

The Superego
Freuds Topographical Model of
Personality
ID
Primary component of personality
Pleasure principle
Strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires, needs, wants
For example, if an infant feels hungry, he will cry till his want
is satisfied.
ID fails result in tension,anxiety
EGO
Responsible for dealing with reality
Reality principle weighs the cost of doing or abandoning
something
Discharges tension by finding the object in the real world
created by Id.
SUPER EGO
Holds of our internalized moral standards that we acquire
from parents, society.
Has two parts:-
1. The ego Ideal
Good Behaviors
1. The Conscience
Bad Behaviors
Defense Mechanisms
A defense mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to
protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to
safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope with.
Repression
The removal of threatening thoughts from awareness;
Projection
The attribution of unacceptable impulses to others;
Denial
The refusal to recognize a threatening situation or thought;
Rationalization
Giving a reasonable explanation for an event;
Regression
The return to a less mature, anxiety reducing behaviour;
Reaction formation
The expression of the opposite of disturbing ideas;
Displacement
Substituting a less threatening object for impulses;
Sublimation
The channeling of impulses to socially acceptable outlets.
Personality development
Freud advanced a theory of personality development that
centered on the effects of the sexual pleasure drive on the
individual psyche. At particular points in the developmental
process, he claimed, a single body part is particularly
sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation. These erogenous
zones are the mouth, the anus, and the genital region.
The Oedipus complex, in psychoanalytic theory, is a group of
largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings
which centre around the desire to possess the parent of the
opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. According
to classical theory, the complex appears during the so-called
'oedipal phase' of libidinal and ego development; i.e. between the
ages of three and five, though oedipal manifestations may be
detected earlier.
Part 3
Social-Cognitive
Theories
Banduras Theory
Self-system: the set of cognitive processes by which a person
observes, evaluates, and regulates his/her behavior. Bandura
proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this
self-system.

Children observe behavior of models (such as parents) in their


social environment. Particularly if they are reinforced, children
will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality.

Bandura also proposed that people observe their own behavior


and judge its effectiveness. Self-efficacy: a judgment of ones
effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
Rotters Theory of
Locus of Control
Julian Rotter: American psychologist, began as a Freudian!
His personality theory combines learning principles, modeling,
cognition, and the effects of social relationships

External locus of control: perception that chance or


external forces beyond personal control determine ones fate

Internal locus of control: perception that you control your


own fate.

Learned Helplessness: a sense of hopelessness in which a


person thinks that he/she is unable to prevent aversive events
Part 4
Humanistic Theories
Humanism
Humanism: Approach that focuses on human experience,
problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior
patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
Maslows Theory
Abraham Maslow is considered father of the
humanistic movement. He observed the lives of
(purportedly) healthy and creative people to
develop is theory.
Hierarchy of needs: the motivational
component of Maslows theory, in which our
innate needs, which motivate our actions, are
hierarchically arranged.
Self-actualization: the fullest realization of a
persons potential
Graphic: Hierarchy of Needs
Characteristics of
Self-Actualized People
Efficient perceptions of reality
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature
Spontaneity
Task Centering
Autonomy
Continued freshness of appreciation
Fellowship with humanity
Profound interpersonal relationships
Comfort with solitude
Non-hostile sense of humor
Peak experiences
Carl Rogers Self Theory
Carl Rogers: American psychologist; believed that personality
formed as a result of our strivings to reach our full human
potential.
Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest
feelings and impulses
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and
personality
Conditions of Worth: behaviors and attitudes for which other
people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard.
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love and approval
Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable,
worthwhile person
5
Behavioral Personality
Theory
Behavioral Personality Theory
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of
interaction between the individual and the environment.
Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable
behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and
feelings into account.
B. F. Skinner's Theory of Behavior
Skinner's theory is based on operant
conditioning, which means when the organism is
operating on the environments, the organism will
encounter a special kind of reinforcing stimulus or
simply a reinforcement.
Reinforcement increases a behavior and
punishment decreases or ends it.

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