Plesiochronous

Digital Hierarchy
 PDH
MULTIPLEXING

PLESIOCHRONOUS HIGHER
ORDER DIGITAL
MULTIPLEXING
 PDH MUX NORTH AMERICA
 The 24 channel PCM system is the
primary order of Digital MUX.
 If it is necessary to transmit more than 24
channels, the system is build-up as in the
“Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy” as
shown in the diagram
 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
HIERARCHY

Six 44.736 Mbits/s

Seven 6.312 1
inputs T3 MUX
7

Four 1
1.544Mbits/s
Inputs 4 T2 MUX 6.312 Mbits/s

1
TI MUX
24
1.544 Mb/s
64kb/s
 DIGITAL MUX LEVELS IN North America, Europe, Japan
Digital MUX No.of 64Kb/s North America Europe Japan Mbits/s
Level Channels Mbits/s Mbits/s
0 1 0.064 0.064 0.064
1 24 1.544 1.544
30 2.048
48 3.152 3.152
2 96 6.312 6.312
120 8.448
3 480 34.368 32.064
672 44.376
1344 91.053
1440 97.728
4 1920 139.264

4032 274.176

5760 397.200
 PDH MUX
 Four primary systems (24-channle each)
are combined, multiplexed, to form an
output having 96 channels. This is called
the second order of multiplexing. Seven 96
channel systems can be multiplexed to
give an output of 672- channels (Third
order of Multiplexing). Six 672 – channels
systems are multiplexed to give an output
of 4032 channels (fourth order)
 Second Order (DS2)PDH
MUX(1.544 to 6.312 Mb/s)
 The 6.312-Mb/s output of a second order (DS2)
Multiplexer is created by multiplexing four first
order (DS1) multiplexing outputs. This is done by
interleaving the bit stream of the four primary
systems.
 Each individual bit stream is called the
“tributary”.
 The main problem to overcome in this process is
the organization of the four incoming tributaries.
 Cont---
 Synchronous Digital have tributaries with the same
clock frequency, and they are all synchronized to a
master clock.
 Plesiochronous Digital Mutiplexers are have tributaries
that have the same nominal frequency (that means
there can be small difference from one to another), but
they are not synchnronized to each other.
 For synchronous case, the pulses in each tributary all
rise and fall during the same time interval.
 For the PDH, the rise and fall time of the pulses in
each tributaries do not coincide with each other.
 PDH Europe

64 7680 ch Europe
kbits/s 1920 ch 564.992
480 ch 139.264 Mbit/s
34.368 Mb/s
120 ch Mb/s x4
30 ch 8.44Mb/s x4
x30 2.048 Mb/s x4
x
4
 Interleaving
 The multiplexing of several tributaries can
be achieved by either
 Bit by bit multiplexing (bit interleaving)
 Word by word multiplexing (byte
interleaving)
 BIT INTERLEAVING
 There are four bit streams to be
multiplexed. One bit is sequentially taken
from each tributary so that the resulting
multiplexed bit stream has every fifth bit
coming from the same tributary. A specific
no. of bits (usually 8), forming a word, are
taken from each tributary in turn.
 Byte Interleaving
 Byte interleaving sets some restraints on
the frame structure of the tributaries and
require great amount of memory capacity.
 Bit interleaving is much simpler because it
is independent of frame structure and also
requires less memory capacity.
 PDH features
 Bit interleaving is used for North American
and European PDH system. A typical 6.312
Mb/s plesichronous multiplexer has four
primary (DS1) MUX, each having an out put
of 1.544 Mb/s, bit interleaved to form the next
level in hierarchy.
 Note that this output rate of 6.312 Mb/s is not
exactly four times the tributary bit rate of
1.544 Mb/s. This is a result of the non-
sychronous nature of the system.
 PDH Features
 Every tributary has its own clock. Every tributary
is timed with plesiochronous frequency, that is a
nominal frequency about which the shifts around
it within prefixed limits. For example, the primary
multiplexer output is 1.544 Mb/s +- 50ppm.
 To account for the small variations of the
tributaries frequencies about the nominal value
when multiplexing four tributaries to the next
hierarchy level, a process known as positive
stuffing (also known as positive justification) is
used.
 Positive Pulse stuffing or
justification
 Pulse stuffing involves intentionally making the
output bit rate of a channel higher than the input
rate. The output channel therefore contains all
the input data plus a variable number of “stuffed
bits’ that are not part of the incoming subscriber
information.
 The stuffed bits are inserted at the specific
locations, to pad the input bit stream to the
higher output bit rate. This stuffed bits must be
identified at the receiving end so that “de-
stuffing” can be done to recover the original bit
stream.
 Cont---
 Pulse stuffing is used for higher order
multiplexing when each of the incoming
lower order tributary signal is
unsynchronized, and therefore bears no
prefix phase relationship to any of the
other.
 The situation is vividly depicted in fig.
BIT INTERLEAVING
BYTE INTERLEAVING

Word by Word MULTIPLEXING

HIGR ORDER
MULTIPLEXER
 Simplified PDH bit interleaving
(Stuffing Needed)

Lower Bit Rate

Frame no.1 Frame no: 2

-- 1
Higher
Order
Multiplexer Stuffing Stuffing bit
Control bit Stuffing
is a stuff bit
bit is a
data bit
Higher Bit Rate
 De-stuffing at Receive side
 At the receiving end the writing clock has the same
characteristics as those of the transmit reading clock.
That is, it has a frequency that is on average the same
as that of the tributary, but it presents periodic spaces
for the frame structure and random spaces for the
stuffing process. A phase lock loop (PLL) circuit is
used to reduce,
 Jitter caused by the frame structure
 Higher frequency jitter components (waiting time)
caused by stuffing
 Tributary signal jitter
 Jitter introduced by the 6.312 Mb/s link.
 PDH MUX Europe
 In summary, the positive stuffing method involves
the canceling of a clock pulse assigned to a
particular tributary in some of the frames in order to
coordinate the timing of the plesiochronous
tributaries into a multiplexed output. Random
spaces are therefore created in the frame, as well
as periodic spaces. In the periodic spaces frame
alignment word bits service bits, and stuffing control
bits are inserted. The tributary information bits are
inserted in the random spaces in the absence of
stuffing, or logic 1 is used when stuffing taken
place. Remember, the stuffing pluses carry no
subscriber information.
 PDH END

THANKS